“…Although 11 different PDE families are present in various cell types, only 6 of them (PDE1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9) are defined in mature RBCs or erythroid precursors ( Almeida et al, 2008 ; Adderley et al, 2011 ). Non-selective inhibition of PDE by Pentoxifylline in the present study significantly increased the deformability of RBCs from SCD patients, both before and after the application of a constant shear stress for prolonged time, which confirms previous findings ( Ugurel et al, 2019 ) but contrast with another study ( Cummings and Ballas, 1990 ). A previous case report in the late seventies showed that Pentoxifylline treatment in a patient with SCD and frequent vaso-occlusive crises improved RBC deformability and decreased blood viscosity ( Keller and Leonhardt, 1979 ).…”