Differential Effects of a List-Learning Mnemonic in Three Age Groups

Rose, Terrence L.; Yesavage, Jerome A.

doi:10.1159/000213129

Cited by 30 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…In our own work, we have trained younger and older adults in the Method of Loci to investigate age-related differences in upper limits of plasticity (developmental reserve capacity) in the domain of memory functioning. Adding to earlier results of age differences in word recall with imagery instructions (Hulicka & Grossman, 1967;Mason & Smith, 1977; for a review, see Backman, Mantyla, & Herlitz, 1990), it was found that the magnitude of age differences favoring the young is increased, rather than reduced, through training (Baltes & Kliegl, 1992;Kliegl et al, 1989Kliegl et al, , 1990Rose & Yesavage, 1983;Thompson & Kliegl, 1991). Experiment 2 of Kliegl et al (1989) may serve as a typical example.…”

mentioning

confidence: 82%

Professional expertise does not eliminate age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood.

Lindenberger¹,

Kliegl²,

Baltes³

1992

Psychology and Aging

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Using a testing-the-limits paradigm, the authors investigated the modulation (attenuation) of negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory performance as a function of professional expertise. Six older graphic designers, 6 normal older adults, 6 younger graphic design students, and 6 normal younger students participated in a 19-session program with a cued-recall variant of the Method of Loci. Older graphic designers attained higher levels of mnemonic performance than normal older adults but were not able to reach younger adults' level of performance; a perfect separation of age groups was achieved. Spatial visualization was a good predictor of mnemonic performance. Results suggest that negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory are attenuated but not eliminated by the advantages associated with criterion-relevant ability (talent) and experience. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of imagery-related professional expertise on the magnitude of age differences in memory functioning with the Method of Loci, a mnemonic strategy for the serial encoding and recall of word lists (Bower, 1970; McDaniel & Pressley, 1987; Paivio, 1971). Recent research using a testing-the-limits paradigm (Baltes, 1987; Kliegl & Baltes, 1987) has reported the existence of large and robust age differences favoring the young in recall performance with the Method of Loci during adulthood (Baltes & Kliegl, 1992; Kliegl, Smith, & Baltes, 1989). The present study investigates whether age differences would also be observed in a group of older adults with large amounts of criterion-relevant preexperimental practice and high levels of criterion-relevant ability. Evidence from different lines of research suggests that visual imagery plays an important role in memory functioning with the Method of Loci. First, it has been shown that the reported The research described in this article was conducted in the context of the project "Expertise and Cognitive Aging" (principal investigators, Reinhold Kliegl and Paul B. Baltes). A part of the data presented here stems from dissertation work conducted by Ulman Lindenberger. The dissertation work was supported by a stipend of the Max Planck Society and by a predoctoral traineeship from the Volkswagen Foundation. We would like to express our gratitude to Ulrich Mayr, Jacqui Smith, Ursula Staudinger, and Gerhard Steiner for their valuable contributions to our thinking about the topic of this article and to three anonymous reviewers who provided helpful comments on an earlier version of this article. We would also like to thank Daniela Becker and Annette Rentz for assistance in data collection. Ulman Lindenberger is now a research scientist at the Academy of Sciences and Technology in Berlin.

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mentioning

confidence: 82%

Professional expertise does not eliminate age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood.

Lindenberger¹,

Kliegl²,

Baltes³

1992

Psychology and Aging

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“…Early memory training approaches used mono-factorial techniques such as visualization or organization, cognitive re-structuring, concentration, faces and numbers, mnemonic techniques (Lachman et al, 1992 ), or the loci method (Rose and Yesavage, 1983 ). Ulterior mono-factorial approaches implement not only memory techniques but also train other related support processes such as attention, reasoning, and processing speed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Six-Year Training Improves Everyday Memory in Healthy Older People. Randomized Controlled Trial

Requena

Turrero

Alonso

2016

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Purpose of the study: Everyday memory of older persons does not improve with intensive memory training programs. This study proposes a change in these programs based on a time-extended and massive intervention format.Design and Methods: The sample of 1007 healthy older persons (mean age 71.85; SD = 5.12) was randomized into 2 groups. The experimental group followed an extended 6 years of training (192 sessions over 192 weeks) whereas the control group received an intensive training (3 sessions per week for a total of 32 sessions in 11 weeks). The program included cognitive and emotional content whose effects were assessed with the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) and with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Both groups were evaluated initially, after 32 sessions, and again after 6 years.Results: The relative improvements measured with Blom’s derivative showed that everyday memory and mental status of the experimental group were significantly better both in the short (Δ% 8.31 in RBMT and Δ% 1.51 in MMSE) and in the long term (Δ% 12.54 in RBMT and Δ% 2.56 in MMSE). For everyday memory and mental level, the overall gain estimate representing the mean difference in pre-post change between time-extended and intensive groups was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.13–0.40) and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.40–0.67), respectively. Time-extended programs have significantly improved everyday memory in contrast with the usual intensive programs whose effects decay with time. There are also significant increases in mental level scores while daily life functionality is preserved in all subjects who completed the training.Implications: These results suggest that it is possible to preserve everyday memory in the long term with continuous training and practice. Massive and time-extended formats may contribute in the future to a paradigm shift in memory programs for healthy older people.

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“…In previous adult memory-training studies, young adults initially recalled more words than old adults and also benefited more from instruction and practice with elaborative encoding (e.g., Kliegl, Smith, & Baltes, 1989;Rose & Yesavage, 1983). For example, Kliegl etal.…”

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confidence: 99%

Adult age effects of plausibility on memory: The role of time constraints during encoding.

Thompson¹,

Kliegl²

1991

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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We investigated the role of training-induced knowledge schemas and encoding time on adult age differences in recall. High-plausible (schema coherent) words were recalled better than lowplausible (schema discrepant) words in both age groups. This difference was larger for old adults than for young adults for presentation times ranging from 3 s to lls per word. After equating participants in overall recall (i.e., at 50% correct) by dynamic adjustment of presentation time, old adults again showed a stronger plausibility effect than young adults when recall was above criterion. In a second experiment with self-paced encoding, old adults used more time than young adults only for low-plausible pairs, yet they still remembered fewer of them. In a third experiment, both age groups preferred to imagine high-rather than low-plausible words, but this effect was more pronounced in old adults. The results indicate that, compared with young adults, old adults find it particularly difficult to form elaborative mental images of schema-discrepant information under a wide variety of time constraints during encoding. Results are discussed in relation to explanations based on age-related mental slowing.

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Differential Effects of a List-Learning Mnemonic in Three Age Groups

Cited by 30 publications

References 8 publications

Professional expertise does not eliminate age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood.

Professional expertise does not eliminate age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood.

Six-Year Training Improves Everyday Memory in Healthy Older People. Randomized Controlled Trial

Adult age effects of plausibility on memory: The role of time constraints during encoding.

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