Differential Effect of Amphetamine Optical Isomers on Bender Gestalt Performance of the Minimally Brain Dysfunctioned

Arnold, L. Eugene; Huestis, Robert D.; Wemmer, Douglas; Smeltzer, Donald J.

doi:10.1177/002221947801100303

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This scale consisted of 48 items that rate restless, irritable, and disruptive behavior (Goyette, Conners, & Ulrich, 1978). This scale is sensitive to stimulant drug effects in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Arnold, Christopher, Huestis, & Smeltzer, 1978). The scale is also reliable and has discriminant, concurrent, and predictive validity (Connors, 1973).…”

Section: Experimental Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine self-administration and subjective effects in adolescents.

Hale¹,

Hughes²,

Oliveto³

et al. 1995

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Eighteen adolescents (ages 11-15) underwent 6 independent, randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trials. In each trial, participants sampled a noncaffeinated and a caffeinated soda (33 mg per 8 oz) in a 2 day crossover, followed by concurrent access to the same 2 sodas the following 2 days. Four of the 18 (22%) participants met a repeatability criterion, and 1 also met a statistical criterion for reliable caffeine self-administration. Across-subjects ratings of depression, drowsiness, and fatigue were increased on noncaffeinated compared with caffeinated soda sampling days. These results are similar to, but less robust than, previous research in adults showing that 31-36% of coffee drinkers reliably self-administer caffeine and experience adverse effects from caffeine abstinence.Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive drug in adults, and almost all children and adolescents are regular daily or weekly caffeine consumers (Barone & Roberts, 1984). In a large (N = 1,135) nationwide survey of 5-18-year-olds, 98% of them consumed caffeine at least once during the surveyed week (Morgan, Stults, & Zabik, 1982). Their average daily caffeine intake was 37.4 mg or 0.9 mg/kg. The quantities of caffeine consumed on a milligram per kilogram basis were relatively constant across age groups. Tea was the greatest source of caffeine (34% of total intake), followed by carbonated beverages (26%), coffee (22%), and chocolate-containing foods and beverages (17%). A more recent survey of 8-11-yearolds in Massachusetts found lower caffeine intake than previous estimates but a greater amount of intake from carbonated beverages (Ellison, 1993). For all children (N = 78), the average daily caffeine intake was 18.9 mg or 0.6 mg/kg. Carbonated beverages provided 55%, chocolate-containing foods and beverages provided 39%, and tea provided 7% of the total amount of caffeine.The ubiquity of caffeine use across all ages has lead to recent

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Section: Experimental Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine self-administration and subjective effects in adolescents.

Hale¹,

Hughes²,

Oliveto³

et al. 1995

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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“…In the one positive study, caffeine (7.2-8.3 mg/kg/day) via coffee significantly decreased teachers' and parents' ratings of hyperactivity in 12 children (mean age = 7.5 years; Harvey & Marsh, 1978). In contrast, 12 mg/kg/day of caffeine for at least 1 week had no effect on teachers' and parents' ratings of 29 children (mean age = 8 years) diagnosed with MBD (Arnold, Christopher, Huestis, & Smeltzer, 1978); 7.6 mg/kg/day of caffeine via decaffeinated coffee had no effect on child-care workers' ratings of 8 boys (mean age = 9 years) with MBD (Garfinkel, Webster, & Sloman, 1981); 10.8 mg/kg/day for at least 1 week had no effect on teachers' and parents' ratings of 18 children (mean age = 8.5 years) with MBD (Huestis, Arnold, & Smeltzer, 1975); and 9.0 mg/kg/day and 14.5 mg/kg/day of caffeine for 3 weeks had no effect on teachers' and mothers' ratings of 21 children (mean age = 7 years) with hyperactivity (Firestone, Davey, Goodman, & Peters, 1978).…”

Section: Observer Ratingsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Behavioral effects of caffeine and other methylxanthines on children.

Hughes¹,

Hale²

1998

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Subjective, performance-enhancing, dependence-producing, and adverse effects of methylxanthines are examined, based on computerized searches (i.e., Medline and PsycLIT). High doses (> 3 mg/kg) of caffeine in children who consume little caffeine produce negative subjective effects such as nervousness, jitteriness, stomachaches, and nausea. Whether lower doses produce positive subjective effects has not been adequately tested. Caffeine appears to slightly improve vigilance performance and decrease reaction time in healthy children who habitually consume caffeine but does not consistently improve performance in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Early studies suggest caffeine self-administration and withdrawal can occur in some adolescent soda drinkers.

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“…Further, each of the two amphetamine isomers were shown to be comparably efficacious in treating hyperactivity and aggressiveness, though d-amphetamine was found to be superior in maintaining attentiveness. Arnold et al (1978) and McIntyre et al (1981) also explored the use of either d-amphetamine or l-amphetamine to treat children with ADHD. Both studies found that while d-amphetamine provided the most beneficial effects for the majority of children, a sub-population responded most favorably to l-amphetamine.…”

Section: Historical Perspective On Stimulant Drug Development For Adhdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of stimulants to treat ADHD: transdermal methylphenidate

Patrick

Straughn

Perkins

et al. 2008

Human Psychopharmacology

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Objective The following comprehensive review describes the evolution of stimulant drug formulations used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Emphasis is placed on the basic and clinical pharmacology of the dl-methylphenidate (MPH) transdermal system (MTS). Methods The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic literature pertaining to MPH and amphetamine enantiomers was reviewed in the context of ADHD therapy and MTS as a treatment option. Results MTS incorporates MPH into an adhesive monolithic matrix, using the free base form of the drug to facilitate transdermal absorption. MTS technology minimizes contact dermatitis by eliminating to need for percutaneous penetration enhancers. After a lag time of approximately 2 h, plasma concentrations of the therapeutic d-MPH isomer become detectable, then continuously rise over the course of the recommended 9 h wear time. Concentrations of l-MPH typically attain 40−50% that of d-MPH (vs. 1−2% following oral MPH). Unauthorized MTS removal poses some misuse liability and over 50% of MTS drug content remains in the discarded system. Conclusions While liquid or chewable MPH formulations overcome potential swallowing difficulties, as do sprinkled once-daily extended-release (ER) MPH products, only MTS addresses swallowing difficulties while also offering a flexible individualized MPH exposure time in a once-daily MPH regimen.

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Differential Effect of Amphetamine Optical Isomers on Bender Gestalt Performance of the Minimally Brain Dysfunctioned

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Caffeine self-administration and subjective effects in adolescents.

Caffeine self-administration and subjective effects in adolescents.

Behavioral effects of caffeine and other methylxanthines on children.

Evolution of stimulants to treat ADHD: transdermal methylphenidate

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