Differential effect of a social variable upon three levels of aspiration.

Correlations Between Levels of Aspiration

“…T h e present paper is an additional analysis of the data collected by the authors (1) in their experiment dealing with the effect of a social variable upon three levels of aspiration. Recognizing the possibility that looseness of definition of the level of aspiration suggested to an S may affect the results of experimentation upon aspiration, the present authors defined three levels for their S's, the Maximum, the Actual, and the Least.…”

A Review of Procedural Variations in Level of Aspiration Studies

“…have been used in many investigations (11,12,20,21,25,27,28,30,37,49,56,67). Several investigators have utilized mazes (9,23,42,53), and there have been studies in which spatial relations tests (14,16), form boards (53), block design tests (16,17), and jig-saw puzzles (10) constituted the tasks.…”

“…A majority of researchers have followed the policy of asking subjects to indicate the level of performance they actually expect to reach, although eliminating the pecul. An interesting variation of the more common "expectationll type of instructions was introduced by Preston and Bayton (56), and used in several studies (~,~9, 57). On the grounds that a subject probably has several levels of aspiration with regard to future performance, these investigators asked for three statements of expectations before perfor.mance.…”

“…In two instances (49,56), fictitious scores were reported along with various external group comparison scores. To determine their influence upon generality of level of aspiration from task to task, Heathers (30) varied both the shape of the performance curve (all showing appreciable learning, however), and the type of scale on which scores were reported to subjects.…”

“…Cosnitive tasks, arithmetic -Various investigators have used arithmetic tests of different sorts, including problems in addition, multiplication, long division, mental multiplication, and successive subtraction (4,25,30,33,37,56,63). …”