Differential dendritic cell responses to cell wall mannan of <i>Candida albicans</i>, <i>Candida parapsilosis</i>, and <i>Candida dubliniensis </i>

Abstract

Mannan (mannosylated glycoproteins) in the outermost layer of the Candida cell wall may be the first molecules that interact with host dendritic cells (DCs) and activate immune responses that determine disease outcomes. However, little is known about how different mannan structures of common oral Candida species affect DC activation. The effects of heat-inactivated (HI) yeast cells and soluble mannan of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida dubliniensis on bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) responses were compared. HI Candida and the mannan exhibited different effects on BMDC activation and functions, which could be due to other carbohydrate compositions in the yeast cell wall. Among Candida mannan, the C. albicans mannan was the weakest stimulus and induced only interferon (IFN)-γ production. This suggests the possibility that C. albicans mannan may skew T helper (Th) responses from protective Th17 toward Th1. In contrast, C. parapsilosis mannan caused strong BMDC activation and high production of several proinflammatory cytokines which possibly promote hyperinflammation. Meanwhile, C. dubliniensis mannan induced moderate BMDC responses, which may correlate with its lower pathogenicity. Therefore, mannan of each Candida species play distinct roles in DC responses and may be involved in the immunopathogenesis and disease severity of oral candidiasis as well as other Candida infection.

Metabolic Rewiring Improves the Production of the Fungal Active Targeting Molecule Fusarinine C

“…T. rubrum is the major cause of “athlete’s foot”, onychomycosis, and many other persistent skin diseases that affect the quality of life for hundreds of millions of people around the world. , C. albicans is another opportunistic pathogen that causes candidiasis, which commonly occurs in women, young infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. , Candidiasis affects the normal life of patients and is the cause of mortality in many cases, such as in patients with AIDS or pediatric candidemia . Unfortunately, in the clinic, the treatment of fungal infections using nystatin and amphotericin B has been hindered by the low selectivity of these molecules for the target cells versus the host cells, poor water solubility and, consequently, low absorption and bioavailability. , In this work, we showed that FsC could serve as an active targeting molecule for these pathogenic fungi (Figure and Figure ).…”

Mannan activates tissue native and IgE-sensitized mast cells to proinflammatory response and chemotaxis in TLR4-dependent manner

“…Stimulation of macrophages and neutrophils with mannan resulted in ROS and NO generation, as well 25,26 . Furthermore, mannan induced the release of TNF from dendritic cells 27 . It was demonstrated that mannan increased both the proliferation and the activation of B cells 28 .…”

“…25,26 Furthermore, mannan induced the release of TNF from dendritic cells. 27 It was demonstrated that mannan increased both the proliferation and the activation of B cells. 28 Also, mannan promoted or inhibited lymphocyte proliferation as well as it suppressed the phagocyte function of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages.…”

Effects of Boric Acid Gel on Vaginal Candida albicans Infections and the Local Immune System in Mice

“…The former differentiate into Th1, Th2, and Th17. By secreting IFN-g, IL-4, IL-6, and TGF-b, et al (6)(7)(8), the adaptive immune response is induced to participate in pathogenesis (9,10).…”

“…By secreting IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-6, and TGF-β, et al. ( 6 – 8 ), the adaptive immune response is induced to participate in pathogenesis ( 9 , 10 ).…”