Differential Classical Conditioning of a Defensive Withdrawal Reflex in
            <i>Aplysia californica</i>

Carew, TJ; Hawkins, RD; Kandel, ER

doi:10.1126/science.6681571

Cited by 358 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Upon a light touch to the naïve animal's siphon, these sensorimotor synapses fail to conduct and the gills are not withdrawn. However, if the touch is repeatedly paired with a noxious stimulus (such as an electric shock) which does elicit gill withdrawal, the light touch alone eventually comes to elicit a gill withdrawal, whereas before such training it did not (see, e.g., Kandel et al, 1979Kandel et al, , 1983Walters et al, 1979Walters et al, , 1981Carew et al, 1981Carew et al, , 1983Carew et al, , 1984Kandel and Schwartz, 1982;Hawkins et al, 1983Hawkins et al, , 1986Hawkins et al, , 1989Hawkins et al, , 1998Byrne, 1983a, 1983b;Abrams and Kandel, 1988;Byrne et al, 1990). This increase in synaptic efficacy (facilitation) is brought about by the action of the neuromodulator serotonin released by modulatory interneurons during the electric shock.…”

Section: Invertebrate Classical Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognition in Invertebrates

Menzel

Brembs

Giurfa

2007

Evolution of Nervous Systems

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Section: Invertebrate Classical Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognition in Invertebrates

Menzel

Brembs

Giurfa

2007

Evolution of Nervous Systems

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“…This animal displays several simple forms of nonassociative learning, such as habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization (Pinsker et al 1970(Pinsker et al , 1973Carew et al 1971), but also more complex forms of associative learning such as classical, operant, and fear conditioning (Carew et al , 1983Walters et al 1981;Lechner et al 2000a,b;Brembs et al 2002). The strength of this model system arises from the relative simplicity of its central nervous system (CNS), which contains a small number of neurons, some of which are well characterized both morphologically and electrophysiologically.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Serotonergic Mechanisms Contributing to Sensitization in Aplysia: Evidence of Diverse Serotonin Receptor Subtypes

Barbas¹,

DesGroseillers²,

Castellucci³

et al. 2003

Learn. Mem.

105

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The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in memory encoding in Aplysia. Early evidence showed that during sensitization, 5-HT activates a cyclic AMP-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA)-dependent pathway within specific sensory neurons (SNs), which increases their excitability and facilitates synaptic transmission onto their follower motor neurons (MNs). However, recent data suggest that serotonergic modulation during sensitization is more complex and diverse. The neuronal circuits mediating defensive reflexes contain a number of interneurons that respond to 5-HT in ways opposite to those of the SNs, showing a decrease in excitability and/or synaptic depression. Moreover, in addition to acting through a cAMP-PKA pathway within SNs, 5-HT is also capable of activating a variety of other protein kinases such as protein kinase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and tyrosine kinases. This diversity of 5-HT responses during sensitization suggests the presence of multiple 5-HT receptor subtypes within the Aplysia central nervous system. Four 5-HT receptors have been cloned and characterized to date. Although several others probably remain to be characterized in molecular terms, especially the Gs-coupled 5-HT receptor capable of activating cAMP-PKA pathways, the multiplicity of serotonergic mechanisms recruited into action during learning in Aplysia can now be addressed from a molecular point of view.The marine mollusk Aplysia has proven to be a powerful model system for the study of learning and memory. This animal displays several simple forms of nonassociative learning, such as habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization (Pinsker et al. 1970(Pinsker et al. , 1973Carew et al. 1971), but also more complex forms of associative learning such as classical, operant, and fear conditioning (Carew et al. , 1983Walters et al. 1981; Lechner et al. 2000a,b;Brembs et al. 2002). The strength of this model system arises from the relative simplicity of its central nervous system (CNS), which contains a small number of neurons, some of which are well characterized both morphologically and electrophysiologically. Thus, one can study a specific synaptic connection in different animals subjected to a wide variety of behavioral training protocols. For this reason, it has been possible to discover many of the mechanisms of learning and memory in this animal at the behavioral, cellular, and molecular levels, and provide direct evidence that certain forms of learning rely on the plasticity of individual synaptic connections (for review, see Kandel 2001).One of the best characterized forms of learning in Aplysia is sensitization, in which a noxious stimulus facilitates an animal's pre-existing response to the presentation of another innocuous stimulus. It has been most thoroughly studied in the defensive reflex responses of Aplysia. For example, a mild tactile stimulus applied to the tail evokes the retraction of respiratory organs (gill and siphon) inside the mantle cavity situated on the back of the animal. The stre...

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“…A fundamental function of the adult nervous system is to execute adequate nocifensive motor responses (Sherrington, 1910;Hagbarth, 1952;Willer, 1977;Carew et al, 1983;Schouenborg and Kalliomäki, 1990). Successful accomplishment of this task requires transformation of the stimulus location into appropriate adjustments of muscle activity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Adaptation of Rat Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflexes after Neonatal Tendon Transfer

Holmberg

Schouenborg

et al. 1997

J. Neurosci.

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Nociceptive withdrawal reflexes (NWRs) were studied in adult rats in which the movement patterns produced by single muscles had been altered by neonatal tendon transfer. NWRs evoked by cutaneous noxious mechanical and thermal (CO 2 -laser) stimulation were recorded using electromyography in a decerebrate spinal preparation. The sensitivity distribution within the receptive fields of the NWRs of the extensor digitorum longus and the peronei muscles exhibited changes corresponding to the altered movement patterns. No detectable change of NWRs was found in normal muscles whose receptive fields overlapped that of the modified muscle. Furthermore, NWRs of muscles that regained an essentially normal function after neonatal tendon transfer did not differ from normal. It is proposed that a developmental experience-dependent mechanism, which takes into account the hindlimb movement pattern caused by contraction of single muscles, underlies the functionally adapted organization of adult NWRs.

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Differential Classical Conditioning of a Defensive Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia californica

Cited by 358 publications

References 24 publications

Cognition in Invertebrates

Cognition in Invertebrates

Multiple Serotonergic Mechanisms Contributing to Sensitization in Aplysia: Evidence of Diverse Serotonin Receptor Subtypes

Developmental Adaptation of Rat Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflexes after Neonatal Tendon Transfer

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