Differential characteristics of CD133+ and CD133− Jurkat cells

Rajan

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

A subpopulation within cancer, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), regulates tumor initiation, chemoresistance, and metastasis. At a closer look, CSCs show functional heterogeneity and hierarchical organization. The present review is an attempt to assign marker profiles to define the functional heterogeneity and hierarchical organization of CSCs, based on a series of single-cell analyses. The evidences show that analogous to stem cell hierarchy, self-renewing Quiescent CSCs give rise to the Progenitor CSCs with limited proliferative capacity, and later to a Progenitor-like CSCs, which differentiates to Proliferating non-CSCs. Functionally, the CSCs can be tumor-initiating cells (TICs), drug-resistant CSCs, or metastasis initiating cells (MICs). Although there are certain marker profiles used to identify CSCs of different cancers, molecules like CD44, CD133, ALDH1A1, ABCG2, and pluripotency markers [Octamer binding transcriptional factor 4 (OCT4), SOX2, and NANOG] are used to mark CSCs of a wide range of cancers, ranging from hematological malignancies to solid tumors. Our analysis of the recent reports showed that a combination of these markers can demarcate the heterogeneous CSCs in solid tumors. Reporter constructs are widely used for easy identification and quantification of marker molecules. In this review, we discuss the suitability of reporters for the widely used CSC markers that can define the heterogeneous CSCs. Since the CSC-specific functions of CD44 and CD133 are regulated at the post-translational level, we do not recommend the reporters for these molecules for the detection of CSCs. A promoter-based reporter for ABCG2 may also be not relevant in CSCs, as the expression of the molecule in cancer is mainly regulated by promoter demethylation. In this context, a dual reporter consisting of one of the pluripotency markers and ALDH1A1 will be useful in marking the heterogeneous CSCs. This system can be easily adapted to high-throughput platforms to screen drugs for eliminating CSCs.

Section: Functional Heterogeneity In Cscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Markers and Reporters to Reveal the Hierarchy in Heterogeneous Cancer Stem Cells

Rajan

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

“…According to manufacturer instructions and a previous study 41 , 25 μL of FcR blocking reagent and 25 μL of CD133 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach,130-100-857, Germany) were added to 50 μL of a cell suspension (10 7 total cells). The OSCC cells were mixed well and incubated at 2 °C to 8 °C for 20 min, followed by washing with 1 mL to 2 mL of the buffer (Miltenyi Biotec) and centrifugation at 1,000 rpm for 5 min.…”

Section: Macs Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of a subpopulation of CD133+ cancer stem cells from Chinese patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a critical role in cancer development and growth. The aim of this study was to identify and isolate cScs from populations of primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells, which were obtained from OSCC specimens and identified by cell morphology and immunohistochemical staining for keratin. CD133 + cells detected by flow cytometry comprised 0.41 ± 0.06% of primary OSCC cells and were isolated from primary OSCC cell populations using magnetic-activated cell sorting, revealing that 93.39% of high-purity CD133 + cells were in the G0/ G1 phase of the cell cycle. Additionally, the growth rate of CD133 + cells was higher than that of CD133 − cells, and in vivo tumourigenesis experiments showed that the tumourigenic ability of CD133 + cells was markedly stronger than that of CD133 − cells. Moreover, CD133 + cells showed increased chemotherapeutic resistance to cisplatin and higher self-renewal ability according to sphere-formation assay, as well as higher mRNA levels of stemness-associated genes, including NANOG, SOX2, ALDH1A1, and OCT4. These results indicated that OSCC cells, which share certain characteristics of CSCs, harbour CD133 + cells potentially responsible for OSCC aggressiveness, suggesting CD133 as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target. Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide, with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) the most common type of HNC and accounting for >90% of all oral cancers 1,2. Smoking, drinking, and chewing areca nuts are considered risk factors for OSCC, which can affect any part of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, and throat 3. Furthermore, when patients develop OSCC, they experience maxillofacial deformity and psychological trauma in addition to common symptoms of cancer. Although there have been advances in surgical techniques and chemotherapeutic strategies for OSCC, the patient survival rate remains low 4. Cisplatin is the first-line chemotherapeutic drug currently used to treat patients with locally advanced, resectable OSCC; however, cisplatin resistance poses a major challenge for its clinical application 5 and is considered the critical cause of tumour recurrence in OSCC patients 6. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying OSCC recurrence is required to develop novel therapeutic strategies 7. Studies have increasingly focused on the roles of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in cancer invasion and recurrence 8. CSCs represent highly heterogeneous subpopulations with functional heterogeneity in their respective tumours and are characterised by infinite proliferation, self-renewal, chemotherapeutic resistance, and multidirectionality 9. The role of CSCs was previously demonstrated in the development and therapeutic resistance of liver cancer 10. Similar to their roles in other malignancies, CSCs also play a pivotal role in OSCC development and progression 11,12. The study of CSCs, also referred to as tumour-initiating cells 13 , has recently become among the most popular research dire...

“…Planted forests represent a cheap and renewable source of raw material for industry and reduce the pressure on native vegetation [ 1 ]. These forests are an important component of the economy in many countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intercropped Silviculture Systems, a Key to Achieving Soil Fungal Community Management in Eucalyptus Plantations

et al. 2015

Fungi are ubiquitous and important contributors to soil nutrient cycling, playing a vital role in C, N and P turnover, with many fungi having direct beneficial relationships with plants. However, the factors that modulate the soil fungal community are poorly understood. We studied the degree to which the composition of tree species affected the soil fungal community structure and diversity by pyrosequencing the 28S rRNA gene in soil DNA. We were also interested in whether intercropping (mixed plantation of two plant species) could be used to select fungal species. More than 50,000 high quality sequences were analyzed from three treatments: monoculture of Eucalyptus; monoculture of Acacia mangium; and a mixed plantation with both species sampled 2 and 3 years after planting. We found that the plant type had a major effect on the soil fungal community structure, with 75% of the sequences from the Eucalyptus soil belonging to Basidiomycota and 19% to Ascomycota, and the Acacia soil having a sequence distribution of 28% and 62%, respectively. The intercropping of Acacia mangium in a Eucalyptus plantation significantly increased the number of fungal genera and the diversity indices and introduced or increased the frequency of several genera that were not found in the monoculture cultivation samples. Our results suggest that management of soil fungi is possible by manipulating the composition of the plant community, and intercropped systems can be a means to achieve that.