Differential Aluminum Tolerance of Winter Barley Varieties and Selections in Associated Greenhouse and Field Experiments¹

Abstract

Thirty cultivars and experimental strains of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) were grown on acid, aluminum‐toxic soils treated with two rates of lime in greenhouse tests and three rates in field tests. The objectives were to determine if greenhouse tests could be used for certain phases of breeding for Al‐tolerant barley varieties and to find possible new sources of Al‐tolerant germ plasm. Dry‐weight yields of top and root growth were determined after 7 weeks in the greenhouse. Grain yields were determined from field plots. Correlation coefficients between root and top yields in the greenhouse were 0.93 for the low lime rate and 0.71 for the high rate. Root and top yields at the low lime rate in the greenhouse were highly correlated with grain yield in the field with no lime added (r = 0.77 and 0.66, respectively) but there was no significant correlation between the same measurements at the high lime levels. Results of these studies indicate that plant populations of barley can be initially screened for Al tolerance in pots of Al‐toxic soil in a greenhouse. Al tolerance is apparently genetically controlled. Experimental lines derived from backcrossing to A1‐tolerant parents were also tolerant. Selection for A1 tolerance in a mixed population on acid, A1‐toxic soil in the field was demonstrated.

Aluminium tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): Physiological mechanisms, genetics and screening methods

“…Al toxicity inhibits root cell division and elongation, thus reducing water and nutrient uptake, consequently resulting in poorer plant growth and yield (Alam, 1981;Clarkson, 1966;Foy, 1983;Foy et al, 1967;Gauthier, 1953;Reid et al, 1969;1971). Relative shoot and root dry weights in tolerant barley cultivars were two-fold and three-fold respectively compared to susceptible cultivars (Foy, 1996).…”

“…A wide range of genetic variation for Al tolerance exists in barley (Reid et al, 1969) and has been exploited to develop varieties with increased Al tolerance (Foy et al, 1965). In Australia, some breeding lines outperformed significantly better on acid soils than Al sensitive lines (Oram, 1983) and have been released for commercial cultivation on acid soils, for example Brindabella, Yambla, and Tulla.…”

Tolerância de genótipos de soja ao alumínio em solução

“…Assim, a Bragg tem a cultivar Jackson, como pai tolerante; a EMGOPA-302 e EMGOPA-304 têm a cultivar Mandarin, proveniente da China, tolerante (Armiger et al, 1968); a BR-13 tem a Bragg como pai tolerante, em retrocruzamento por quatro vezes. Linhas derivadas de retrocruzamentos, desenvolvidas sem seleção para tolerân-cia ao Al, tiveram o mesmo comportamento de tolerância quanto ao pai recorrente (Reid et al, 1969). A FT-1, proveniente de seleção em Sant'Ana, linhairmã de Lee, tolerante (Armiger et al, 1968;Sartain & Kamprath, 1978); e a Planalto, proveniente de Hood, que é tolerante (Sartain & Kamprath, 1978).…”

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“…Chronic exposure to cadmium in humans has several toxic effects, such as high H + .The primary response to Al stress in plants occurs in roots, as reduced elongation at the tip, followed by swelling and distortion of differentiated cells, as well as root discoloration [8] Within meristematic and root cap cells, Al toxicity is associated with an increased vacuolation and turnover of starch grains, as well as disruption of dictyosomes and their secretory function. Al toxicity inhibits root cell division and elongation, thus reducing water and nutrient uptake, consequently resulting in poorer plant growth and yield [9,10,11]. Al toxicity also limits both rooting depth and degree of root branching demonstrated that there are two responses to Al: an initial acute inhibition of growth that is followed by a later chronic Al effect on root growth.…”