Different ways… same message? Road safety-targeted communication strategies in Spain over 62 years (1960–2021)

The Role of News Media in Reducing Traffic Accidents

“…In this regard, it is important to point out that previous studies carried out by our research group have identified five major time periods of Spanish communication campaigns broadcast on television, and their results are consistent with the data obtained in this research for the period 2000-2008 [73]. To contextualize the information, it is necessary to know the general characteristics of the five time periods.…”

“…That is to say, news with low levels of intensity, as well as those whose levels are too high, have been shown to be less effective [70][71][72]. Thus, very low levels of emotionality or impact may cause the campaign not to capture the viewer's attention sufficiently, while high levels of aggressiveness may cause the rejection of part of the audience, thus losing the message conveyed [73]. Moreover, if messages and images with a certain level of violence are broadcast for long periods of time, their effect on the recipients is also reduced as they become habituated to such content, and, therefore, their perceived level of intensity will be reduced [74].…”

“…They are campaigns that teach the user how to behave on the road, but in a positive tone, without exposing the consequences of the accident; this is a strategy that is not very effective both from a theoretical point of view and in relation to the data, given the increasing number of accidents during the 1960s and 1970s [20]. Later, in "Soft Line", the consequences of traffic accidents began to be broadcast, but without using violent or aggressive methods [73]. On the other hand, in the 1990s, with the new Traffic and Road Safety Law, the "Hard Line" was developed, in which what happens after a road accident is presented in a crude and bloody way, including the visualization of dead and injured people in a very realistic way [73].…”

“Cyclist at 12 o’clock!”: a systematic review of in-vehicle advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for preventing car-rider crashes

“…Therefore, road safety education programs and communication campaigns on cyclist safety, supported by real-time information systems and applications, can play a key role in reducing accidents. In fact, research suggests that different preventive measures significantly increase their effectiveness when implemented in a coordinated and complementary manner ( 104 ).…”

GIS-Based Spatial Analysis Model for Assessing Impact and Cumulative Risk in Road Traffic Accidents via Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)—Case Study: Romania

“…The diversity of study objectives and data highlight the difficulty for scholars in developing a unified analytical or predictive model. This has also been influenced by the methods of developing, calibrating, and adapting models to the socio-economic, cultural and development conditions of the areas in where they have been proposed and tested [5,32,[37][38][39]. The increasing availability of car crash data has enabled the development of a new research direction related to road accident prediction, in which machine learning analysis methods are used due to their ability to flexibly process and manage multi-dimensional data to determine crash severity [12,[40][41][42][43][44][45].…”