Different views on ethics: how animal ethics is situated in a committee culture

Ideland, Malin

doi:10.1136/jme.2008.026989

Cited by 51 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…This paper is not particularly concerned with the transgenic enterprise (developed in Ideland, 2009;Holmberg, 2010;Holmberg & Ideland, 2009), but we make use of the transgenic position to highlight existing technologies of secrets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secrets and lies: “selective openness” in the apparatus of animal experimentation

Holmberg¹,

Ideland²

2010

Public Underst Sci

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Researchers and other (human) actors within the apparatus of animal experimentation find themselves in a tight corner. They rely on public acceptance to promote their legitimacy and to receive funding. At the same time, those working with animal experimentation take risks by going public, fearing that the public will misunderstand their work and animal rights activists may threaten them. The dilemma that emerges between openness and secrecy is fairly prevalent in scientific culture as a whole, but the apparatus of animal experimentation presents specific patterns of technologies of secrets. The aim of the paper is to describe and analyse the meanings of secrets and openness in contemporary animal experimentation. We suggest that these secrets – or “selective openness” – can be viewed as grease in the apparatus of animal experimentation, as a unifying ingredient that permits maintenance of status quo in human/animal relations and preserves existing institutional public/science relations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secrets and lies: “selective openness” in the apparatus of animal experimentation

Holmberg¹,

Ideland²

2010

Public Underst Sci

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“…In other words, the perception of suffering will be the same irrespective of how the underlying neural substrates have been activated, though the likely benefits of the research may well vary depending on the field of study. The challenges presented by the legislation applied to enforce appropriate ethical standards are in part technical, for example whether the anaesthetic regime is optimal for the species and procedure in use (Fornari et al 2012;Ideland 2009). There are also practical challenges given that resources will be limited.…”

Section: Ethics and Legislationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, researchers actively engaged in animal research, and others who may be seen to have a vested interest in animal research, have been suggested to be over-represented on such committees in the USA (Hansen 2013). The proportion of lay members on the equivalent committees in the United Kingdom is comparable, but in Sweden, for example, animal ethics committees have a much higher proportion of laypersons, including animal rights activists (Ideland 2009). However, even with such wider representation, interview methods confirm that such committees remain focused on refinement and optimisation of experimental protocols rather than questioning whether the research should be done in the first place.…”

Section: Rules and Recommendations: The Need For Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, even with such wider representation, interview methods confirm that such committees remain focused on refinement and optimisation of experimental protocols rather than questioning whether the research should be done in the first place. Thus, the context of the committee meeting may be sufficient to constrain the scope of its effectiveness (Ideland 2009). Moreover, non-specialists are unlikely to have sufficient knowledge to predict the effects of proposed refinements, either on other aspects of refinement or on the experimental outcomes that relate to the objectives of the study.…”

Section: Rules and Recommendations: The Need For Flexibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The legitimacy of essential medical research is widely accepted amongst the general public and also a dominant theme at ethical review committees (Ideland 2009) and amongst researchers who use animals (Hobson-West 2012). Indeed, the ethical guidelines arising from the 1947 Nuremberg Code require that experiments should be based on the results of animal experiments, to minimise unnecessary human suffering.…”

Section: Ethical Demand To Ease Human and Animal Sufferingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What’s Special about the Ethical Challenges of Studying Disorders with Altered Brain Activity?

Cassaday

2014

Ethical Issues in Behavioral Neuroscience

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Where there is no viable alternative, studies of neuronal activity are conducted on animals. The use of animals, particularly for invasive studies of the brain, raises a number of ethical issues. Practical or normative ethics are enforced by legislation, in relation to the dominant welfare guidelines developed in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Guidelines have typically been devised to cover all areas of biomedical research using animals in general, and thus lack any specific focus on neuroscience studies at the level of the ethics, although details of the specific welfare recommendations are different for invasive studies of the brain. Ethically, there is no necessary distinction between neuroscience and other biomedical research in that the brain is a final common path for suffering, irrespective of whether this involves any direct experience of pain. One exception arises in the case of in vitro studies, which are normally considered as an acceptable replacement for in vivo studies. However, to the extent sentience is possible, maintaining central nervous system tissue outside the body naturally raises ethical questions. Perhaps the most intractable challenge to the ethical use of animals in order to model neuronal disorder is presented by the logical impasse in the argument that the animal is similar enough to justify the validity of the experimental model, but sufficiently different in sentience and capacity for suffering, for the necessary experimental procedures to be permissible.

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Models of the Gut for Analyzing the Impact of Food and Drugs

Fois

Schindeler

et al. 2019

Adv Healthcare Materials

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The human intestine is the primary organ responsible for the uptake of nutrients and water, and this is facilitated by its complex structure that features a large surface area. With an average total length of around seven meters, including both small and large intestine, it connects the stomach to the rectum while enabling absorption in a specialized manner. At a cellular level, the gut epithelium is critical in selective transport to the bloodstream. The finger-like projections of the intestinal epithelium Models of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be powerful tools for examining the biological interactions of food products and pharmaceuticals. This can be done under normal healthy conditions or using models of disease-many of which have no curative therapy. This report outlines the field of gastrointestinal modeling, with a particular focus on the intestine. Traditional in vivo animal models are compared to a range of in vitro models. In vitro systems are elaborated over time, recently culminating with microfluidic intestines-on-chips (IsOC) and 3D bioengineered models. Macroscale models are also reviewed for their important contribution in the microbiota studies. Lastly, it is discussed how in silico approaches may have utility in predicting and interpreting experimental data. The various advantages and limitations of the different systems are contrasted. It is posited that only through complementary use of these models will salient research questions be able to be addressed.

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Different views on ethics: how animal ethics is situated in a committee culture

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 51 publications

References 19 publications

Secrets and lies: “selective openness” in the apparatus of animal experimentation

Secrets and lies: “selective openness” in the apparatus of animal experimentation

What’s Special about the Ethical Challenges of Studying Disorders with Altered Brain Activity?

Models of the Gut for Analyzing the Impact of Food and Drugs

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