Different types of fruit damages of three internal apple feeders diagnosed with mitochondrial molecular markers

Simultaneous identification of Grapholita molesta Busck and Grapholita dimorpha Komai by PCR‐RFLP

“…dimorpha . Hada and Sekine () and Jung and Kim () developed multiplex diagnostic methods for three species including G . molesta and G .…”

“…dimorpha ; however, the method of Hada and Sekine () gave indiscriminate results because of the use of non‐specific primers. Furthermore, the diagnostic method of Jung and Kim () used PCR‐RFLP and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 ( ND4 ) gene with the SwaI restriction enzyme (5'–ATTT^AAAT–3'), producing an error in one sample from this study. This sample was identified as G .…”

“…The SwaI restriction enzyme site from the ND4 gene in G . molesta may represent a silent mutation (Jung & Kim ). Although Jung et al .…”

“…; Ahn et al . ; Jung & Kim ). Despite the availability of several molecular diagnostic assays for these two species, the methods may either produce different results, or not simultaneously identify both species due to non‐specific primers or different polymerase chain reaction steps.…”

“…Because of these features, mtDNA is used in taxonomic and phylogenetic studies as a molecular marker; for example, cytochrome oxidase I is used as a DNA barcode. Several specific-species diagnostic assays have been developed for Tortricidae, a family of moths that includes G. molesta and G. dimorpha, using regions of mtDNA (Hada & Sekine 2011;Jung et al 2012;Ahn et al 2013;Jung & Kim 2013). Despite the availability of several molecular diagnostic assays for these two species, the methods may either produce different results, or not simultaneously identify both species due to non-specific primers or different polymerase chain reaction steps.…”