Different trajectories in the development of visual acuity with different levels of crowding: The Milan Eye Chart (MEC)

Facchin, Alessio; Maffioletti, Silvio; Martelli, Marialuisa; Daini, Roberta

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2019.01.003

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The crowding phenomenon is an important factor in measuring VA because of the different spacing between optotypes produces different VA values. 15 Visual acuity charts, cards, and tests offer several modalities that can be used to control the crowding effect by means of different flankers and spacing. 28 As a result, data from different charts are not directly comparable and this should be taken into account when comparing charts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scoring procedure was the letter by letter visual acuity. 1 , 15 The value corresponding to the line in which the participant correctly read at least 3 out of 5 targets was recorded. The number of symbols recognized and verbally reported (i.e., 3/5, 4/5 or 5/5) was then recorded plus the number of letters read at the subsequent smallest size (up to two).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of symbols recognized and verbally reported (i.e., 3/5, 4/5 or 5/5) was then recorded plus the number of letters read at the subsequent smallest size (up to two). 1 , 15 The final value of the VA takes into account all the letters read correctly. The second modality of presentation was the QUEST, which presented a series of targets of variable size, which was determined by the correct or incorrect responses given by the participant.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All other parameters were identical to experiment 1. Visual acuity was also tested with Milan Eye Charts 15 using only the standard 100% spacing chart (100A). In this case, a distance of 3 m was used, and the same letter-by-letter procedure described above for experiment 1 was applied.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of visual acuity with a digital eye chart: optotypes, presentation modalities and repeatability

Dall’Orto

Facchin

Bellatorre

et al. 2021

Journal of Optometry

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Purpose Digital or computerised eye charts are becoming standard in the examination of visual acuity. Each instrument allows the selection of different optotypes, presentation modalities, and crowding. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in visual acuity (VA) measurement using a digital eye chart, comparing different optotypes and procedures, together with an evaluation of the repeatability of the measurement. Methods Two groups of 52 participants aged between 18 and 31 years participated in the study. In the first experiment, VA thresholds were measured using LEA Symbols, Tumbling E, and Landolt Rings in monocular and binocular conditions using single line presentation and QUEST presentation. In the second experiment, we have compared all modalities of presentation together with a paper eye-chart and test the repeatability. Results The results showed that thresholds for LEA Symbols are low. The modality of presentation affects these thresholds. For Landolt Rings and Tumbling E, the QUEST procedure gave significantly better thresholds than line presentation, while this difference was absent for LEA Symbols. In comparing all modalities of presentation, single letter and line presentation showed similar values, slightly better than block presentation. Paper eye-charts showed better values of VA. Repeatability and agreement were good for all presentations, but best for QUEST. Conclusions The QUEST modality of presentation provides a better threshold than line presentation except for LEA Symbols. Examiners using digital eye charts must take into account that not all modalities of presentation and optotypes are equivalent and give different VA thresholds. Specific thresholds need to be used for each optotype and presentation modality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of visual acuity with a digital eye chart: optotypes, presentation modalities and repeatability

Dall’Orto

Facchin

Bellatorre

et al. 2021

Journal of Optometry

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“…Attentional factors can affect crowding, 5 , 66 – 69 and changes with age in children's ability to attend to a target may reduce the magnitude of spatial interactions, including crowding. 36 , 37 , 70 The expectation was that young children would benefit more from “pop-out” induced by color and a greater reduction in spatial interactions than adults, but there was no statistically significant effect. Performance in a visual search task improves with age, but simple feature search 71 and visual pop-out develop rapidly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grouping Effects on Foveal Spatial Interactions in Children

Waugh

Formankiewicz

2020

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Grouping of flankers from the target can modulate crowding in adults. Visual acuity in children is measured clinically using charts with targets and different flankers to enhance spatial interactions. We investigated grouping effects on interactions using visual acuity letters, flanked by contours and letters, in children. METHODS. Visual acuity for isolated and flanked letters was measured in 155 three-to 11-year old children and 32 adults. Flankers were one stroke width from the target and were a box or four bars and black or red letters. Magnitudes of interaction were flanked minus isolated logMAR acuities. Psychometric function slopes were also examined. RESULTS. Magnitudes of interaction by contours did not change significantly with age. They were 0.047 ± 0.014 logMAR more with bars than a box. Interaction from flanking letters reduced with age, adults being not different from 9-to 11-year-olds for black and red letter surrounds. It was weaker by 0.033 ± 0.013 logMAR when a black letter was surrounded by red rather than black letters. Psychometric function slopes for visual acuity were steepest for the youngest children (3-5 years). CONCLUSIONS. For contour and letter flankers, grouping effects on interaction magnitude are age independent. Grouping bars into a box forming a single object reduces magnitude of effect. Grouping letter flankers by color and ungrouping them from the target reduce interaction magnitude by ∼8%, suggesting that luminance-defined form dominates. Differently colored letter flankers of high-luminance contrast on acuity charts could draw attention to the target but retain significant interaction strength.

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The development of processing second-order spatial relations of faces in Chinese preschoolers

Yang

Kang

Sommer

et al. 2023

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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Different trajectories in the development of visual acuity with different levels of crowding: The Milan Eye Chart (MEC)

Cited by 8 publications

References 49 publications

Measurement of visual acuity with a digital eye chart: optotypes, presentation modalities and repeatability

Measurement of visual acuity with a digital eye chart: optotypes, presentation modalities and repeatability

Grouping Effects on Foveal Spatial Interactions in Children

The development of processing second-order spatial relations of faces in Chinese preschoolers

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