Different Techniques of Creating Bone Digital 3D Models from Natural Specimens

Abstract

The choice of technique for the creation of a 3D digital human bone model from natural specimens has a critical impact on the final result and usability of the obtained model. The cornerstone factor in 3D modeling is the number of faces of polygon mesh, along with topological accuracy, as well as resolution and level of detail of the texture map. Three different techniques (3D scanning, photogrammetry, and micro-computed tomography) have been used to create a digital 3D model of the human zygomatic bone. As implementation and use of 3D models can be divided into three main categories—visualization, simulation, and physical replication to obtain a functioning model (implant or prothesis)—the obtained models have been evaluated by the density and topological accuracy of the polygonal mesh, as well as by visual appearance by inspecting the obtained texture map. The obtained data indicate that for biomedical applications and computer biomechanical simulation the most appropriate technique of 3D model obtainment is micro-computed tomography, in its turn for visualization and educational purposes, the photogrammetry technique is a more preferable choice.

From Data to Design: Constructing Scapula and Hip Bone Through Online Datasets, Open-Source Software and 3D Printers

“…We found this method a potential alternative solution for creating accurate human bones. A study used and contrasted three distinct methods - 3D scanning, photogrammetry, and micro-CT - to create a digital 3D zygomatic bone and micro-CT was found to be the most effective method for achieving morphological accuracy [ 11 ]. A similar study utilizing the same free software, the 3D Slicer and the New Mexico Decedent Image Database successfully generated precise models of 2D human bones of the foot [ 13 ].…”

“…Innovations like the Skeleton Virtual reality application have also been introduced to enhance students' learning and engagement in studying anatomy, but lack haptic feelings [ 10 ]. One helpful tool for modernising anatomy education is the creation of 3D-printed models that are anatomically accurate [ 11 ]. 3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM) is the layer-by-layer creation of a physical object from a 3D computer model [ 12 ].…”

The 3d Reconstruction of the Sansevero Chapel Anatomical Machines: A Geomatics Challenge

“…Due to their high level of detail, the resulting 3D models were used for teaching by making them interactive, thus allowing to enhance the approach to anatomical education. In this field, an interesting work compared three different techniques: 3D scanning, Micro Computed Tomography and Photogrammetry for inspecting the number of faces of polygon mesh and texture quality (Edelmers et al, 2022). Furthermore, photogrammetry applied to formalin-fixed or plastinated specimens models allowed to obtain detailed anatomical photorealistic 3D digital models by relying on the accurate caption of fine surface texture data; moreover, making the acquisition in an open-plan laboratory classroom with studio lights and spotlights at different orbital planes (Titmus et al, 2023) allowed for the successful 3D models reconstruction of the heart and brain.…”

Ankle and Foot Arthroplasty and Prosthesis: A Review on the Current and Upcoming State of Designs and Manufacturing

“…As AM technology continues to evolve, it plays an increasingly significant role in medicine. In addition to the direct manufacturing of foot and ankle implants and devices, AM patient-specific models can aid in surgical planning in complex cases and visualization of anatomy in medical education, further contributing to bettering the quality of patient care [77,78]. The AM of personalized implants used for ankle and foot prostheses and orthosis is an advanced interdisciplinary research area requiring cross-talk and collaborations from multiple research fields.…”