Different Stages of Alveolar Bone Repair Process Are Compromised in the Type 2 Diabetes Condition: An Experimental Study in Rats

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the stages of the alveolar bone repair in type 2 diabetic rats evaluating the mechanism of mineralization and bone remodeling processes after dental extraction. Forty-eight rats were divided into normoglycemic (NG) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) groups. The upper right incisor was extracted and after 3, 7, 14 and 42 days the animals were euthanized. The following analyses were performed: immunolabeling against antibodies TNFα, TGFβ, IL6, WNT, OCN and TRAP, collagen fibers maturation, microtomography and confocal microscopy. Data were submitted to statistical analysis. The immunolabeling analysis showed that the T2D presented a more pronounced alveolar inflammation than NG. Labeling of proteins responsible for bone formation and mineralization was higher in NG than T2D, which presented greater resorptive activity characterized by TRAP labeling. Also, T2D group showed a decrease in the amount of collagen fibers. Micro-CT analysis showed that T2D causes a decrease in bone volume percentage due to deficient trabecular parameters and higher porosity. The T2D bone dynamics show a loss in bone remodeling process. T2D prolongs the local inflammatory process, which impairs the organization and maturation of collagen fibers, delaying bone formation that generates impact on mineralization and bone turnover.

Biological Behavior of Xenogenic Scaffolds in Alcohol-Induced Rats: Histomorphometric and Picrosirius Red Staining Analysis

“…Previous studies showed that OrthoGen ® has the potential to form new bone tissue due to its three-dimensional structure, acting as a scaffold, which is essential for osteoblastic cells, in addition to being biocompatible and low-cost [22,33]. Alcohol interfered negatively, delaying the repair process, which is in agreement with previous studies, pointing out that chronic alcohol consumption inhibits mechanisms responsible for cell proliferation, which act directly on bone formation and remodeling [34][35][36].…”

The evaluation of the effects of natural zeolite (Clinoptilolite) in diabetic rats on bone healing in dental extracting socket

“… 10 reported that the pathology that occurred in diabetic rats was similar to diabetes in humans. Pitol Palin L. et al 11 showed that diabetes stimulates the inflammatory process in the first stage of the alveolar repair process 7 days after tooth extraction, which leads to disruption of the mineralization process and collagen fiber organization and a decrease in fiber count. Xu L. et al 8 showed in their study with 14-day follow-up that vascular endothelial cell function, osteoblastic function and matrix mineralization were impaired due to the increased inflammatory response due to high glucose levels, resulting in delayed healing of tooth extraction sockets.…”

Performance of Polydioxanone-Based Membrane in Association with 3D-Printed Bioceramic Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration

“…Bone regeneration occurs through remodeling commanded by basic multicellular units (BMU) via osteoblasts and osteoclasts to renew bone and mainten of bone quality in the repair process [ 51 ]. The immunolabeling analysis enables the observation of tissue responses by expressing of proteins related to the bone repair process [ 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Runx2 immunolabeling was moderate in Auto/PG, discrete in TCP/PG, and intense in HA/PG, signaling that the group with HA showed an increase in differentiation of pre-osteoblasts to osteoblasts in activity, representing younger cells from the beginning of bone formation compared to the other groups.…”

“…The analysis was performed with an optical microscope (LeicaR DMLB, Heerbrugg, St. Gallen, Switzerland) by scores means (ordinal qualitative analysis); when the scores were subjected to discrete labeling (+), moderate labeling (++), and intense labeling (+++), it was considered positive for diaminobenzidine (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), taking care to hold negative controls to evaluate the specificity of the antibodies. These scores were established according to previous studies [ 42 , 43 , 44 ], where light labeling represented about 25% of the immunolabeling area in the blades, moderate labeling represented about 50%, and intense labeling represented about 75%.…”