Different Sources of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Comparison of Subchondral, Mandibular, and Tibia Bone-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Abstract

Background:: Stem cell properties vary considerably based on the source and tissue site of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The mandibular condyle is a unique kind of craniofacial bone with a special structure and a relatively high remodeling rate. MSCs here may also be unique to address specific physical needs. Objective:: The aim of this study was to compare the proliferation and multidirectional differentiation potential among MSCs derived from the tibia (TMSCs), mandibular ramus marrow (MMSCs), and condylar subchondral bone (SMSCs) of rats in vitro. Methods:: Cell proliferation and migration were assessed by CCK-8, laser confocal, and cell scratch assays. Histochemical staining and real-time PCR were used to evaluate the multidirectional differentiation potential and DNA methylation and histone deacetylation levels. Results:: The proliferation rate and self-renewal capacity of SMSCs were significantly higher than those of MMSCs and TMSCs. Moreover, SMSCs possessed significantly higher mineralization and osteogenic differentiation potential. Dnmt2, Dnmt3b, Hdac6, Hdac7, Hdac9, and Hdac10 may be instrumental in the osteogenesis of SMSCs. In addition, SMSCs are distinct from MMSCs and TMSCs with lower adipogenic differentiation and chondrogenic differentiation potential. The multidirectional differentiation capacities of TMSCs were exactly the opposite of those of SMSCs, and the results of MMSCs were intermediate. Conclusion:: This research offers a new paradigm in which SMSCs could be a useful source of stem cells for further application in stem cell-based medical therapies due to their strong cell renewal and osteogenic capacity.

Effect of DNA methylation on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: concise review

“…As a stem gene of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iPSC-MSCs), DNMT3B expression level is lower than that of BMSCs, and it also shows insufficient osteogenic differentiation ability ( Kang et al, 2015 ). MSCs derived from the subchondral bone of the rat condyle (SMSCs) have higher expression of DNMT3B and significantly higher mineralization and osteogenic differentiation potential compared to MSCs derived from the tibia (TMSCs) and mandibular ramus bone marrow (MMSCs) ( Wang Y. et al, 2023 ). Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) mice with ADSCs express high levels of DNMT3A compared to wild-type mice with ADSCs, and their osteogenic differentiation ability and collagen secretion are significantly impaired ( Shao et al, 2023 ).…”