“…Researchers employ financial measures to stratify their sample (Dumont, 2013), measure financial performance (Newton, 2013) and organizational performance (Brown, 2005), and predict organizational activities and funding opportunities. Researchers have used financial measures to predict grantee selection (McGinnis Johnson, 2013), grant amount (Ashley & Faulk, 2010), advocacy activities (Garrow & Hasenfeld, (Jaskyte, 2013), charitable donations (Tinkelman & Mankaney, 2007;Trussel & Parsons, 2008), individual donations through social media (W. Saxton, 2013), fundraising performance (Scherhag & Boenigk, 2013), executive compensation (Sedatole, Swaney, Yetman, & Yetman, 2013), governance quality (Newton, 2013), internal accountability (Ryan & Irvine, 2012), adoption of web-based accountability practices (G. Saxton & Guo, 2011), compliance with financial reporting standards (Verbruggen, Chistiaens, & Milis, 2011), and the propensity and intensity of nonprofit collaboration with local government (McIndoe, 2013). Financial ratios are used as quantitative surrogates for hard to measure concepts.…”