Different effects of anoxia and hind-limb immobilization on sensorimotor development and cell numbers in the somatosensory cortex in rats

Marcuzzo, Simone; Dutra, Márcio Ferreira; Stigger, Felipe de Souza; Nascimento, Patrícia Severo do; Ilha, Jocemar; Kalil-Gaspar, Pedro Ivo; Achaval, Matilde

doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2009.04.016

Cited by 36 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…They also showed, at this age, lower MM/BW ratio suggesting muscle atrophy. Similar data were found by Marcuzzo et al (2008, 2010) and Stigger et al (2011), in which experimental CP rats showed reduced soleus cross‐sectional area and muscle atrophy. In periods of undernutrition, most noble tissues as the brain are best preserved while the skeletal muscle, less noble, suffers more the effects of protein restriction (Toscano et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Effects of maternal low‐protein diet on parameters of locomotor activity in a rat model of cerebral palsy

Silva¹,

Pereira²,

Portovedo

et al. 2016

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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Children with cerebral palsy have feeding difficulties that can contribute to undernutrition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early undernutrition on locomotor activity and the expression of the myofibrillar protein MuRF-1 in an experimental model of cerebral palsy (CP). In order to achieve this aim, pregnant rats were divided into two groups according to the diet provided: Normal Protein (NP, n=9) and Low Protein (LP, n=12) groups. After birth, the pups were divided into four groups: Normal Protein Sham (NPS, n=16), Normal Protein Cerebral Palsy (NPCP, n=21), Low Protein Sham (LPS, n=20) and Low Protein Cerebral Palsy (LPCP, n=18) groups. The experimental cerebral palsy protocol consisted of two episodes of anoxia at birth and during the first days of life. Each day, nitrogen flow was used (9l/min during 12min). After nitrogen exposure, sensorimotor restriction was performed 16h per day, from the 2nd to the 28th postnatal day (PND). Locomotor activity was evaluated at 8th, 14th, 17th, 21th and 28th PND. At PND 29, soleus muscles were collected to analyse myofibrillar protein MuRF-1. Our results show that CP animals decreased body weight (p<0.001), which were associated with alterations of various parameters of locomotor activity (p<0.05), compared to their control. Undernourished animals also showed a decrease (p<0.05) in body weight and locomotor activity parameters. Moreover, CP decreased MuRF-1 levels in nourished rats (p=0.015) but not in undernourished rats. In summary, perinatal undernutrition exacerbated the negative effects of cerebral palsy on locomotor activity and muscle atrophy, but it appears not be mediated by changes in MuRF-1 levels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…For the BW, as demonstrated in this and others studies (Coq et al, 2008; Marcuzzo et al, 2008, 2010; Strata et al, 2004) the experimental CP promoted reduction of BW with advancing age. Strata et al (2004) reported that the BW of rats undergoing experimental CP decreases up to 70% of the BW of NP animals at 28 days of age.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Effects of maternal low‐protein diet on parameters of locomotor activity in a rat model of cerebral palsy

Silva¹,

Pereira²,

Portovedo

et al. 2016

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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“…In the present study, the CPG had an increase in the number of glial cells in the hindlimbs representation area of the primary somatosensory cortex and in the dorsal striatum compared to the CTG, which could explain the observed motor impairments in the animals of this group (Trendelenburg and Dirnagl, 2005). Marcuzzo et al (2010), using the same protocol of asphyxia and sensorimotor restriction, observed an increase in the number of glial cells and a reduction in the number of neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex of rats. A greater number of glial cells may be due to a reactive astrogliosis, once astrocytes respond to all forms of central nervous system insults (Eddleston and Mucke, 1993; Correa‐Cerro and Mandell, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Characterization of a cerebral palsy‐like model in rats: Analysis of gait pattern and of brain and spinal cord motor areas

Santos

Almeida

Popik

et al. 2017

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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In an attempt to propose an animal model that reproduces in rats the phenotype of cerebral palsy, this study evaluated the effects of maternal exposure to bacterial endotoxin associated with perinatal asphyxia and sensorimotor restriction on gait pattern, brain and spinal cord morphology. Two experimental groups were used: Control Group (CTG) − offspring of rats injected with saline during pregnancy and Cerebral Palsy Group (CPG) − offspring of rats injected with lipopolysaccharide during pregnancy, submitted to perinatal asphyxia and sensorimotor restriction for 30 days. At 29 days of age, the CPG exhibited coordination between limbs, weight‐supported dorsal steps or weight‐supported plantar steps with paw rotation. At 45 days of age, CPG exhibited plantar stepping with the paw rotated in the balance phase. An increase in the number of glial cells in the primary somatosensory cortex and dorsal striatum were observed in the CPG, but the corpus callosum thickness and cross‐sectional area of lateral ventricle were similar between studied groups. No changes were found in the number of motoneurons, glial cells and soma area of the motoneurons in the ventral horn of spinal cord. The combination of insults in the pre, peri and postnatal periods produced changes in hindlimbs gait pattern of animals similar to those observed in diplegic patients, but motor impairments were attenuated over time. Besides, the greater number of glial cells observed seems to be related to the formation of a glial scar in important sensorimotor brain areas.

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“…Sensorimotor restriction presented decreased movement and abnormal proprioception during early stage of development, resembling abnormal motor patterns observed in CP patients (Strata et al, 2004). Sensorimotor restriction with anoxia produced long-lasting deficits, such as reduced body growth rate, increased muscle tone, and disorganization of primary motor and somatosensory cortex (Coq et al, 2008; Marcuzzo et al, 2010). One limitation of these models is that these models did not consider the possibility of maternal infection, one of the important etiologic factors inducing CP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treadmill exercise improves motor and memory functions in cerebral palsy rats through activation of PI3K-Akt pathway

Jung¹,

Kim²

2017

J Exerc Rehabil

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Cerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic disorder characterized by physical disability and disruption of brain function. We evaluated the effects of treadmill exercise on motor and memory functions in relation with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway using CP rat model. Rota-rod test, step-down avoidance task, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry, and western blot for synapsin I, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), PI3K, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) were performed. CP was induced by maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injection with sensorimotor restriction. Five weeks after birth, the rats in the exercise groups were made to run on the treadmill for 30 min per one day, 5 times a week, during 4 weeks. Motor and memory functions were impaired in the LPS-induced CP rats and tread-mill exercise increased motor and memory functions in the CP rats. Cell proliferation in the hippocampus was suppressed in the LPS-induced CP rats and treadmill exercise increased hippocampal cell proliferation in the CP rats. Expressions of synapsin I, PSD-95, phosphorylated (p)-PI3K, and p-Akt were decreased in the LPS-induced CP rats and treadmill exercise enhanced the expressions of synapsin I, PSD-95, p-PI3K, and p-Akt in the CP rats. GSK-3β expression was increased in the LPS-induced CP rats and treadmill exercise suppressed GSK-3β expression in the CP rats. The present results suggest that treadmill exercise might improve motor and memory functions through activation of PI3K-Akt pathway.

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Different effects of anoxia and hind-limb immobilization on sensorimotor development and cell numbers in the somatosensory cortex in rats

Cited by 36 publications

References 42 publications

Effects of maternal low‐protein diet on parameters of locomotor activity in a rat model of cerebral palsy

Effects of maternal low‐protein diet on parameters of locomotor activity in a rat model of cerebral palsy

Characterization of a cerebral palsy‐like model in rats: Analysis of gait pattern and of brain and spinal cord motor areas

Treadmill exercise improves motor and memory functions in cerebral palsy rats through activation of PI3K-Akt pathway

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