Different decay patterns observed in a nineteenth-century building (Palma, Spain)

Genestar, C.; Pons, Carmen; Cerro, José Carlos; Cerdà, Vı́ctor

doi:10.1007/s11356-014-2761-7

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…On the other hand, obvious restrictions in sampling stone monuments, which refer to a sample size and often its location, usually prevent a comprehensive application of analytical methods, which makes the clarity of results rather problematic. If research deals with stone construction details and sculptures, sampling is even more limited, and as a result, investigations require a careful selection of methods, preferably those based mainly on point analysing …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If research deals with stone construction details and sculptures, sampling is even more limited, and as a result, investigations require a careful selection of methods, preferably those based mainly on point analysing. [26,35,36] Recently, micro-Raman spectroscopy, commonly used for the investigations of archaeological artefacts, [37][38][39] organic and mineral painting pigments, [40,41] ceramics and glasses, [42,43] is more often applied to detecting the weathering products of the building materials. [25,26,[44][45][46][47] This method is one of the convenient analytical tools in the phase analysis of single particles, which allows also to distinguish among the hydration states of minerals (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Marszałek

2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Salts crystallisation is a cause of deterioration of stone monuments. Very small sizes of salt crystals, often a multiphase composition and usually low concentrations hamper their identification. Therefore, micro‐Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and, in some cases, X‐ray diffraction have been used to identify the salts that crystallised within and on the weathered limestone and sandstone architectonic details of the Blessed Salomea sculpture and its arch in the cloister of the Poor Clares in Kraków, Poland. Possible sources of salts, i.e. regarding the plaster around the details, the mortar of joints of the arch and previous conservation procedures, have been discussed. The limestone sculpture reveals the presence of black crusts and the sandstone arch of white efflorescences, both stones crumble and exfoliate. Gypsum and barite were the only salts in the black crust and subflorescences of the limestone. The salts in the pore space of the sandstone include mainly aphthitalite, niter, nitratine and burkeite, while efflorescences consist of thenardite and syngenite. Such differences probably result from various precipitation conditions in narrow pore spaces and on the unconfined sandstone surface. The deterioration products have been mainly assigned to air pollution, stone itself in the case of the limestone, and migration of ions from structural elements of the arch in the case of the sandstone. The impact of the chemicals utilised for stone conservation also seems to be possible. Characterisation of the salts present in deteriorated stones can help in selecting the methods of stone desalination and conservation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Marszałek

2016

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…(Italy) [1]; Apulia calcarenite in SE Italy [2]; Ksour Essaf limestone in Tunisia [3]; Globigerina limestone in Malta [4]; Marés stone and Santanyí stone in Mallorca (Spain) [5][6]; and San Julián stone and Bateig stone in Alicante (Spain) [7]. In this framework, the unfinished baroque fortress of Nueva Tabarca island (SE of Spain), and the local calcarenite used for its construction, constitutes an exemplary study case.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stone weathering under Mediterranean semiarid climate in the fortress of Nueva Tabarca island (Spain)

Martı́nez-Martı́nez

Benavente

Gutiérrez³

et al. 2017

Building and Environment

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The Nueva Tabarca fortress constitutes an exceptional example of baroque architectural heritage. However, the aggressiveness of the local environment and the low suitability of the used building stone cause their fast deterioration. The hydro-mechanical properties of the building stones, the characteristics of their porous system (open porosity and pore size distribution), the global climate of the island and the particular microenvironmental conditions of each studied monument explain the weathering process acting on the porous limestone of Nueva Tabarca. Results reveal that Halite crystallization and wind erosion are the main weathering agents. On the one hand, wind plays a critical weathering action because it controls the salt crystallization process, the abrasion by wind-blown particles, as well as the wind-driven rain impact. Different weathering forms are related to each erosion mechanism. On the other hand, the relative humidity in the island determines the agressiveness of the halite crystallization process. Salt damage activity was calculated quantifying not only the number of halite crystallizationdissolution transitions, but also the duration of the driest periods. Finally, a novel parameter (Equivalent Years, Y eq) is defined in order to quantify the representativeness of standarized artificial ageing tests. Y eq expresses the number of years of natural ageing required for achieving the same weathered state of rocks after laboratory procedures. A wide range of Y eq values are obtained for the studied rocks (from 8 to 165 years), showing a strong dependency with both the exposure time as well as the agressiveness of the environment.

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“…The urban area of Agra Other deteriorating agents like the solar input, relative humidity, and wind conditions also affect the dispersion and dilution of pollutants within a given area. The intensity and rate of weathering depend upon the stone, the surface area, and the levels of atmospheric pollutants, the orientation of the building, acid rain, and rainfall [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Biochemical Onslaught of Anthropogenic Airborne Species on the Heritage Monument of the Taj Mahal

Banerjee¹,

Sarkar

2019

Heritage

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The science on the anthropogenic airborne aerosols impacting the World Heritage marble monument, the Taj Mahal, at Agra, has been studied in the light of modern physico-chemical approaches. The study is an effort to understand unrecognized airborne species which were found on the surface of the Taj Mahal monument. These species have been analyzed in the light of current analytical methods to impart characterization features and their possible impacts on the surface of the marble. Chemical constituents of these substrates, which were incorporated over the top surface of the monument, have been identified. Interestingly, the carbon particulates which were found on the micro level, popularly called “particulate matters”, have now been identified in the nano domain entity, which is chemically more reactive, and have been found on the surface of the monument. Because of their high chemical activity, these nano carbons have a newer chemistry in the presence of air and sunlight, generating several reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are capable of responding to complicated chemical reactions on the surface of the marble in association with deposited cyanophyceae and other deposits of plant origin, causing rapid degradation. This study provides the nature of the onslaught of such monuments exposed under the prevalent smoggy environmental scenario.

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Different decay patterns observed in a nineteenth-century building (Palma, Spain)

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Identification of secondary salts and their sources in deteriorated stone monuments using micro‐Raman spectroscopy, SEM‐EDS and XRD

Stone weathering under Mediterranean semiarid climate in the fortress of Nueva Tabarca island (Spain)

Chemical and Biochemical Onslaught of Anthropogenic Airborne Species on the Heritage Monument of the Taj Mahal

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