Different continuous training modalities result in distinctive effects on muscle structure, plasticity and function

Abstract

The effects of training on muscle structure are dependent on adaptive changes induced by different intensities of physical exercise. Evidence has shown that aerobic training is able to induce adaptive changes to muscle structure based on intensity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different methods of continuous aerobic training in mice using functional, morphological and biomolecular approaches. The continuous aerobic training methods used in the present study were uniform continuous training (UC), varying continuous training (VC) and progressive continuous training (PC). Mice were made to run 3 times a week for 12 weeks on a motorized RotaRod, following one of the three different training methods at different speeds. The results of the present study demonstrated that the various training methods had different effects on sarcomere length. Ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that UC training resulted in a shortening of sarcomere length, PC training resulted in an elongation of sarcomere length and VC training showed similar sarcomere length when compared with the control sedentary group. Additionally, succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A levels in muscle tissue following VC training were higher compared with UC and PC training. Overall, the present study showed that varying exercise methods resulted in different types of muscle plasticity, and that the VC protocol resulted in increased coordination and strength endurance in the functional tests, in agreement with the ultrastructural and biochemical profile. These observations support the view that VC training may be more efficient in increasing performance and may thus form the basis of training regimens when an improvement of motor efficiency is required.

Neurodegeneration in Niemann–Pick Type C Disease: An Updated Review on Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Approaches to Counteract Brain and Cognitive Impairment

“…Since the UC protocol was not found to be effective in Npc1 +/− mice, probably because it was too weak and not demanding enough, we more recently evaluated the influence of exercise on neuroplasticity by subjecting Npc1 +/− mice to more challenging training protocols over a longer period [ 122 ]. Specifically, we administered two aerobic training protocols, progressive continuous (PC) and varying continuous (VC), which differed in terms of speed and velocity changes, as described previously [ 123 ] ( Table 1 ). The PC protocol featured a gradual rotational speed that increased from low to high intensity (10-32 RPM); whereas, the VC protocol consisted of two 8-min reverse bipyramidal series, with 2 min of active recovery between series at 10 RPM.…”

Effects of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation on the Muscle Function of Children with Congenital Heart Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study

“…In sessions 09-16, the load was increased progressively up to the VT2. The last eight sessions included rhythm modulations, switching to varying continuous training, which oscillated between the VT1 and the VT2 HR [25]. (c) Resistancetraining phase (20 min): during the first eight sessions, the subjects completed three series with four analytical exercises, working out especially eight muscle groups (the deltoids, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, abdominals, trunk extensors, quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves) [10,26].…”

Aerobic Exercise Induces Alternative Splicing of Neurexins in Frontal Cortex

“…The new Rotarod 47600 (Ugo Basile, Italy) was used for the training. A total of 10 C57BL/6N male mice were divided into 2 groups: one control sedentary group and one group submitted to CP training program, as previously reported [ 41 , 42 ]. CP program was based on incremental speed changes with gradually increasing intensity of the exercise.…”