“…Then, the LII signal was converted to the soot volume fraction based on the linearity between them. As for the hydrogen-blended hydrocarbon diffusion flames, more research using methane (Ezenwajiaku et al, 2019;Do et al, 2021;He et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2021;Nam et al, 2023;Gee et al, 2024) and propane (Gülder et al, 1996;He et al, 2021;Nam et al, 2023;Wang et al, 2023) has been conducted. In experiments, the two-dimensional distribution of the soot concentration was obtained, and the maximum soot volume fraction and the total soot volume were evaluated from the LII signal.…”