Different categories of VO
            <sub>2</sub>
            kinetics in the ‘extreme’ exercise intensity domain

Ozkaya, Ozgur; Jones, Andrew M.; Burnley, Mark; As, Hakan; Balci, Gorkem A.

doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2316504

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The factors that limit exercise within these domains are distinct in nature, and as such so are the fatigue mechanisms associated with them [ 61 ]. Distinct intensity zones might even exist within the extreme intensity domain [ 85 ]. In addition, the intensity that demarcates the severe and the extreme intensity domain is not clear, with recent studies showing that this threshold can occur at a lower percentage (120 to 130%) of the athlete’s MAP [ 61 , 85 ] than previously thought (approximately 136% MAP) [ 60 ].…”

Section: Practical Applications and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Distinct intensity zones might even exist within the extreme intensity domain [ 85 ]. In addition, the intensity that demarcates the severe and the extreme intensity domain is not clear, with recent studies showing that this threshold can occur at a lower percentage (120 to 130%) of the athlete’s MAP [ 61 , 85 ] than previously thought (approximately 136% MAP) [ 60 ]. Nevertheless, current studies report the amount of time spent at supramaximal intensities as a single intensity zone (zone 4 or zone 6, in either a 3- or 5-zone model, respectively) ( Figure 1 ) [ 10 , 13 , 16 , 21 , 30 ].…”

Section: Practical Applications and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Characteristics of Endurance Events with a Variable Pacing Profile—Time to Embrace the Concept of “Intermittent Endurance Events”?

Falk Neto,

Faulhaber,

Kennedy

2024

Sports

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A variable pacing profile is common in different endurance events. In these races, several factors, such as changes in elevation or race dynamics, lead participants to perform numerous surges in intensity. These surges are so frequent that certain events, such as cross-country (XC) skiing, mountain biking (MTB), triathlon, and road cycling, have been termed “intermittent endurance events”. The characteristics of these surges vary depending on the sport: MTB and triathlon require athletes to perform numerous short (<10 s) bouts; XC skiing require periods of short- and moderate-(30 s to 2 min) duration efforts, while road cycling is comprised of a mix of short-, moderate-, and long-duration (>2 min) bouts. These bouts occur at intensities above the maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS), with many efforts performed at intensities above the athletes’ maximal aerobic power or speed (MAP/MAS) (i.e., supramaximal intensities). Given the factors that influence the requirement to perform surges in these events, athletes must be prepared to always engage in a race with a highly stochastic pace. The aim of this review is to characterize the variable pacing profile seen in endurance events and to discuss how the performance of multiple maximal and supramaximal surges in intensity can affect how athletes fatigue during a race and influence training strategies that can lead to success in these races.

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Section: Practical Applications and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Practical Applications and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Characteristics of Endurance Events with a Variable Pacing Profile—Time to Embrace the Concept of “Intermittent Endurance Events”?

Falk Neto,

Faulhaber,

Kennedy

2024

Sports

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The highest work rate associated with a predominantly aerobic contribution coincides with the highest work rate at which VO2max can be attained

Peker,

As,

Kaya

et al. 2024

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Purpose To estimate the highest power output at which predominant energy contribution is derived from the aerobic system (aerobic limit power: ALP) and to compare ALP with the upper boundary of the severe intensity exercise domain. Methods Fifteen male individuals participated in this study. The upper boundary was estimated using i) linear relationship between time to achieve $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O2max and time to task failure (PUPPERBOUND), ii) hyperbolic relationships between time to achieve $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O2max vs. power output, and time to task failure vs. power output (PUPPERBOUND´), and iii) precalculated $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O2max demand (IHIGH). ALP was estimated by aerobic, lactic, and phospholytic energy contributions using $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O2 response, blood [lactate] response, and fast component of recovery $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O2 kinetics, respectively. Results ALP was determined as the highest power output providing predominant aerobic contribution; however, anaerobic pathways became the predominant energy source when ALP was exceeded by 5% (ALP + 5%) (from 46 to 52%; p = 0.003; ES:0.69). The $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O2 during exercise at ALP was not statistically different from $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O2max (p > 0.05), but $$\dot{\text{V}}$$ V ˙ O2max could not be attained at ALP + 5% (p < 0.01; ES:0.63). ALP was similar to PUPPERBOUND and PUPPERBOUND´ (383 vs. 379 and 384 W; p > 0.05). There was a close agreement between ALP and PUPPERBOUND (r: 0.99; Bias: − 3 W; SEE: 6 W; TE: 8 W; LoA: − 17 to 10 W) and PUPPERBOUND´ (r: 0.98; Bias: 1 W; SEE: 8 W; TE: 8 W; LoA: − 15 to 17 W). ALP, PUPPERBOUND, and PUPPERBOUND´ were greater than IHIGH (339 ± 53 W; p < 0.001). Conclusion ALP may provide a new perspective to intensity domain framework.

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Different categories of VO ₂ kinetics in the ‘extreme’ exercise intensity domain

Cited by 2 publications

References 31 publications

The Characteristics of Endurance Events with a Variable Pacing Profile—Time to Embrace the Concept of “Intermittent Endurance Events”?

The Characteristics of Endurance Events with a Variable Pacing Profile—Time to Embrace the Concept of “Intermittent Endurance Events”?

The highest work rate associated with a predominantly aerobic contribution coincides with the highest work rate at which VO2max can be attained

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Different categories of VO 2 kinetics in the ‘extreme’ exercise intensity domain

Cited by 2 publications

References 31 publications

The Characteristics of Endurance Events with a Variable Pacing Profile—Time to Embrace the Concept of “Intermittent Endurance Events”?

The Characteristics of Endurance Events with a Variable Pacing Profile—Time to Embrace the Concept of “Intermittent Endurance Events”?

The highest work rate associated with a predominantly aerobic contribution coincides with the highest work rate at which VO2max can be attained

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Different categories of VO ₂ kinetics in the ‘extreme’ exercise intensity domain