Different Behaviors of Friction in Open and Closed Forging Test Utilizing Palm Oil-Based Lubricants

Abstract

Increasing demand for manufactured goods in industries such as automobiles, electronics, construction, and aerospace has motivated researchers to develop sustainable manufacturing processes. Most metal-forming lubricants are not eco-friendly; they may cause substantial chemical emissions and constitute a community threat. Bio-oil lubricants are seen as possible replacements for mineral oil-based lubricants. Computational modelling of the forging process uses the finite element method to accelerate and improve design. This research intends to act as a case study and demonstrate how friction behaves differently in open-closed forging tests of different palm oil derivatives. The relationship between the different types of friction was studied using a cold forging test in conjunction with the development of a Coulomb–Tresca friction model. From the results, it can be shown that the friction behavior for the closed forging test (CFT) and the ring compression test (RCT) differs; the CFT exhibits a diversified friction adaptation, while the RCT exhibits a single friction adaptation. From both tests, palm stearin (PS) shows the lowest friction behavior where at RCT the friction is estimated at m = 0.10/μ = 0.05 and the CFT has a varied friction and the average friction is estimated at m = 0.352/μ = 0.1626. On the other hand, commercial metal-forming oil (CMFO) shows the highest lubrication sample in friction, where the value of friction is similar to the no lubricant sample (NA-O), which is (m = 0.45/μ = 0.1875) on the RCT test and (m = 0.424/μ = 0.1681) on the CFT test.

Potential of palm oil with tert-Butylhydroquinone in place of mineral oil lubricant for reducing environmental degradation

“…The orientation of test piece is similar to the actual orientation of linear motion machines. 10 Palm oil selected for the experiment is called Super Olein IV64. Super Olein is a RBD.…”

“…Unfortunately, due to the toxic consequences that they pose on the environment because of not being biodegradable, 6,7 alternative lubricants are being sought to avail a more friendly lubricant to the environment. 6,8–10 The performance of palm oil as a lubricant in a cold metal forming process was tested and evaluated by carrying out plane strain extrusion experiments and experimental analyses using a viscoplasticity method. 10,11 The results confirmed that refined bleached deodorized (RBD) palm olein and palm stearin provided sufficient lubrication performance in the cold work metal forming process.…”

“…6,8–10 The performance of palm oil as a lubricant in a cold metal forming process was tested and evaluated by carrying out plane strain extrusion experiments and experimental analyses using a viscoplasticity method. 10,11 The results confirmed that refined bleached deodorized (RBD) palm olein and palm stearin provided sufficient lubrication performance in the cold work metal forming process. Although various heat treatment and use of synthetic lubricants have been found to adequately mitigate against wear rate in rubbing mechanical components, however, developments in seed oils have demonstrated significant results in the search for an environmentally compliant and biodegradable lubricant.…”

“…However, palm oil as an example of vegetable oil was found to possess good performance on surface roughness than mineral oils but poor performance when observed in terms of friction. 10 It could be considered that the presence of high content of carotene and palmitic acid, a monosaturated oleic acid, polyunsaturated linoleic acid, and stearic acid may be responsible for palm oil being able to act as friction inhibitor due to their amphiphilic nature for a better film per force relationship with presence of long fatty acid chain and polar groups in the palm oil.…”

“…Vegetable oils, such as palm oil, groundnut oil, and soya oil, have been suggested to possess lubricating properties with potential for environmental balance. 10 They can be developed to provide significant alternative lubricant for industrial and maintenance applications due to their inherent superior qualities. 15 Some important areas of application are industrial oils such as metal working fluids, machine oils, compressor oils, hydraulic oils, and special oils such as process oils and instrumental oils.…”