“…Estimates of the surface temperature, which are based on relations (1), are most accurate for metals that have high thermal conductivity, and, due to this, the temperature of the surface of the metal, which is heated by a high-energy stream of charged particles, can be assumed to be the same with great accuracy [28]. Therefore, for the preliminary analysis of the temperature of the emission surface of the cathode of the HVGD electron guns, the ratio (1) is used.…”