“…A large body of research also shows the effectiveness of the PBL model in increasing junior high school students' scientific literacy (Nomika et al, 2015;Imaningtyas et al, 2016;Wulandari & Sholihin, 2015;Lawles & Brown, 2015). Some of them also provide evidence of the effectiveness of PBL when compared to other learning models, such as conventional learning (Mergendoller et al, 2006;Strobel & Barneveld, 2009;van Kampen et al, 2004), direct learning (direct instruction / experiential learning) for improve content knowledge and science problem-solving abilities of elementary school students (Drake & Long, 2009), contextual learning method to enhance mathematical communication skills (Anim & Saragih, 2019) and direct interactive learning (directinteractive teaching) to improve science learning outcomes of high school students (Chang, 2001). Making problems a catalyst in learning physics has also proven suitable for teaching students majoring in Physics (Beck & Perkins, 2016;Amundsen et al, 2009;Barry, 2008;Masrhall et al, 2007;Raine & Collett, 2003) and engineering (Radcliffe & Kumar, 2017).…”