Differences of small intestinal bacteria populations in adults and children with/without celiac disease: Effect of age, gluten diet, and disease

Abstract

There are bacterial differences in the upper small intestine between untreated children CD patients and untreated CD adults due to age. There are bacterial differences in the upper small bacteria microbiota between treated and untreated CD adults due to treatment with a gluten-free diet.

Age-related differences in celiac disease: Specific characteristics of adult presentation

“…Age-related differences in duodenal microbiota composition have also been found between celiac and non-celiac subjects [27,28] . In general terms, the richness in intestinal microbiota increases with age, as expected.…”

Intestinal Microbiota and Probiotics in Celiac Disease

“…Nevertheless, our knowledge about the intestinal microbiota of adults with CD is still sparse. Indeed, studies characterizing the microbiota of adult CD patients only began in 2012 (12,22). A year later, two studies concerning gut microbiota and CD were reported (23,24).…”

“…Studies before 2012 were conducted notably with children (13,(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). A single study of both children and adults reported a slight difference in the percentages of the main phyla between subjects and also a more diverse profile in duodenal biopsy specimens from adults (12). The Firmicutes are the most abundant bacteria in CD adults, while Proteobacteria are present mainly in CD children.…”

“…Thus, the disassembly of TJ and the consequent increased paracellular transport may favor this overload of peptides in the lamina propria and immune dysregulation. Emerging evidence strongly suggests that enhanced intestinal permeability is one of the factors involved in the development of various autoimmune disorders as well as CD (11)(12)(13)(14). However, it is still not clear whether altered intestinal permeability is a primary cause or a consequence of CD and also if this alteration is induced by gluten itself, by alterations of the microbiota, or by a combination of both.…”

Intestinal microbiota during early life – impact on health and disease

“…Indeed, deviations in faecal and duodenal microbiota associated with CD have been reported (149,(151)(152)(153) , although recent studies utilising high-throughput methods have reported comparable microbiota compositions in patients and healthy controls (154)(155)(156)(157) . A recent study utilising a highthroughput microarray method in analysing duodenal biopsies of paediatric CD patients in Finland found that while the overall microbiota composition was comparable between CD and healthy subjects, a profile of eight bacterial groups was observed to distinguish patients from healthy controls (157) .…”