Differences in unconditioned and conditioned responses of the human withdrawal reflex during stance: Muscle responses and biomechanical data

Kaulich, T.; Föhre, W.; Kutz, Dieter F.; Gerwig, Markus; Timmann, Dagmar; Kolb, Florian P.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.051

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 54 publications

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“…The involvement of the cerebellum as a putative structure for associative learning of motor actions and sensory stimuli has been studied extensively in humans using the method of classical conditioning, for review see [ 1 ]. Simple avoiding reflexes have been most frequently tested as for instance the eye-blink reflex [ 2 – 5 ] or the lower limb withdrawal reflex in both reclining subjects [ 6 – 9 ] and standing subjects [ 10 – 12 ]. Avoiding reactions involving larger and more complex behaviour like a postural reaction to prevent a fall have also been studied, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of the Cerebellum in Cue-Dependent Force Changes During an Isometric Precision Grip Task

et al. 2015

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The “raspberry task” represents a precision grip task that requires continuous adjustment of grip forces and pull forces. During this task, subjects use a specialised grip rod and have to increase the pull force linearly while the rod is locked. The positions of the fingers are unrestrained and freely selectable. From the finger positions and the geometry of the grip rod, a physical lever was derived which is a comprehensive measurement of the subject’s grip behaviour. In this study, the involvement of the cerebellum in establishing cued force changes (CFC) was examined. The auditory stimulus was associated with a motor behaviour that has to be readjusted during an ongoing movement that already started. Moreover, cerebellar involvement on grip behaviour was examined. The results show that patients presenting with degenerating cerebellar disease (CBL) were able to elicit CFC and were additionally able to optimise grip behaviour by minimising the lever. Comparison of the results of CBL with a control group of healthy subjects showed, however, that the CFC incidence was significantly lower and the reduction of the lever was less in CBL. Hence, the cerebellum is involved not only in the classical conditioning of reflexes but also in the association of sensory stimuli with complex changes in motor behaviour. Furthermore, the cerebellum is involved in the optimisation of grip behaviour during ongoing movements. Recent studies lead to the assumption that the cerebello-reticulo-spinal pathway might be important for the reduced optimisation of grip behaviour in CBL.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of the Cerebellum in Cue-Dependent Force Changes During an Isometric Precision Grip Task

et al. 2015

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Comparison of the Classically Conditioned Withdrawal Reflex in Cerebellar Patients and Healthy Control Subjects During Stance: I. Electrophysiological Characteristics

Timmann

Kaulich²,

Föhre³

et al. 2012

Cerebellum

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The aim of this study was to demonstrate the involvement of the human cerebellum in the classically conditioned lower limb withdrawal reflex in standing subjects. Electromyographic activity was recorded from the main muscle groups of both legs of eight patients with cerebellar disease (CBL) and eight control subjects (CTRL). The unconditioned stimulus (US) consisted of electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve at the medial malleolus. The conditioning stimulus (CS) was an auditory signal given via headphones. Experiments started with 70 paired conditioning stimulus-unconditioned stimulus(CSUS) trials followed by 50 US-alone trials. The general reaction consisted of lifting and flexing the stimulated (stepping) leg with accompanying activation of the contralateral (supporting) leg. In CTRL, the ipsilateral (side of stimulation) flexor and contralateral extensor muscles were activated characteristically. In CBL, the magnitudes of ipsilateral flexor and contralateral extensor muscle activation were reduced comparably. In CTRL, the conditioning process increased the incidence of conditioned responses (CR), following a typical learning curve, while CBL showed a clearly lower CR incidence with a marginal increase, albeit, at a shorter latency. Conditioning processes also modified temporal parameters by shortening unconditioned response (UR) onset latencies and UR times to peak and, more importantly in CBL, also the sequence of activation of muscles, which became similar to that of CTRL. The expression of this reflex in standing subjects showed characteristic differences in the groups tested with the underlying associative processes not being restricted exclusively to the CR but also modifying parameters of the innate UR.

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Motor learning of cue-dependent pull-force changes during an isometric precision grip task

Schmid

Meindl

Timmann

et al. 2015

Human Movement Science

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Differences in unconditioned and conditioned responses of the human withdrawal reflex during stance: Muscle responses and biomechanical data

Cited by 5 publications

References 54 publications

Contribution of the Cerebellum in Cue-Dependent Force Changes During an Isometric Precision Grip Task

Contribution of the Cerebellum in Cue-Dependent Force Changes During an Isometric Precision Grip Task

Comparison of the Classically Conditioned Withdrawal Reflex in Cerebellar Patients and Healthy Control Subjects During Stance: I. Electrophysiological Characteristics

Motor learning of cue-dependent pull-force changes during an isometric precision grip task

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