DIFFERENCES IN THE PROTEIN PROFILES OF CULTURED AND ENDOSYMBIOTIC <i>SYMBIODINIUM</i> SP. (PYRROPHYTA) FROM THE ANEMONE <i>AIPTASIA PALLIDA</i> (ANTHOZOA)

Stochaj, Wayne R.; Grossman, Arthur R.

doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00044.x

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…), but whether this indicates the presence in the corals of additional zooxanthellae that do not appear in cultures, or of metabolic differences of the same zooxanthellae in hospite and in vitro is unknown. The latter follows from many previous observations summarized by Stochaj & Grossman (1997), who documented differential protein expression between CZ and those in hospite. The partitioning of the biosynthesis, conversion, and translocation of MAAs between the symbiotic partners is far from being understood.…”

Section: Experiments With Cultured Zooxanthellae From Stylophora Pistsupporting

confidence: 61%

Effects of starvation, ammonium concentration, and photosynthesis on the UV-dependent accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the coral Stylophora pistillata

Ferrier‐Pagés¹,

Grover²,

Allemand³

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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This study addresses several unresolved questions regarding the biosynthesis, metabolism, regulation, and diversity of MAAs in zooxanthellate scleractinian corals. Starved colonies of Stylophora pistillata accumulated the same concentrations of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) as fed corals after 28 d of exposure to photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) and ultraviolet radiation (UVR), suggesting that dietary MAAs are of little quantitative importance in this phototrophic symbiosis. Starved corals continued to accumulate MAAs and conserved them disproportionally compared with declining protein and chlorophyll a, indicating the priority placed on maintaining this UV-sunscreen defense. In 2 different colonies (SP1 and SP2) exposed to enriched (10 µM) ammonium and PAR + UVR during starvation, the final concentrations of MAAs and chlorophyll a were identical. However, under ambient ammonium (< 0.4 µM), SP2 produced MAAs at the expense of chlorophyll a, whereas SP1 maintained chlorophyll a levels but synthesized less MAA. Ammonium consistently affected only the accumulation of primary, Symbiodinium-MAAs (mycosporine glycine, shinorine, porphyra-334, and mycosporine-2 glycine) and not secondary MAAs derived from the former, probably in the host's tissues. Mycosporine-2 glycine and palythine (a secondary MAA) were synthesized by SP1 but not SP2, suggesting (1) genotypic differences between the zooxanthellae in SP1 and SP2, and (2) a biosynthetic relationship between these 2 MAAs that we proposed previously. Exposure to UVR alone did not support large-scale biosynthesis of MAAs in S. pistillata, and accumulation of the full suite of MAAs required PAR + UVR; together with an inhibitory effect of DCMU, this indicates that photosynthesis is required for the UV-stimulated, de novo biosynthesis of MAAs. Cultures of zooxanthellae isolated from S. pistillata and exposed to PAR + UVR showed increased levels of shinorine, and some production of mycosporine-glycine. Host extract had no qualitative effect on the MAAs produced by these zooxanthellae.

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Section: Experiments With Cultured Zooxanthellae From Stylophora Pistsupporting

confidence: 61%

Effects of starvation, ammonium concentration, and photosynthesis on the UV-dependent accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the coral Stylophora pistillata

Ferrier‐Pagés¹,

Grover²,

Allemand³

2005

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…With this investment will come a full understanding of the repertoire of dinoflagellate effector molecules that result in host-symbiont specificity, promote invasion, modulate host immune responses, and allow for nutrient exchange. At present there are two EST studies (199,387) on two Symbiodinium strains and one proteomic study comparing cultured and symbiotic Symbiodinium strains (348). Systems-level information is critical for generating hypotheses for targeted empirical studies at the cellular level.…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Biology of Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis

Davy

Allemand

Weis

2012

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

781

1,041

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SUMMARY The symbiosis between cnidarians (e.g., corals or sea anemones) and intracellular dinoflagellate algae of the genus Symbiodinium is of immense ecological importance. In particular, this symbiosis promotes the growth and survival of reef corals in nutrient-poor tropical waters; indeed, coral reefs could not exist without this symbiosis. However, our fundamental understanding of the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis and of its links to coral calcification remains poor. Here we review what we currently know about the cell biology of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. In doing so, we aim to refocus attention on fundamental cellular aspects that have been somewhat neglected since the early to mid-1980s, when a more ecological approach began to dominate. We review the four major processes that we believe underlie the various phases of establishment and persistence in the cnidarian/coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis: (i) recognition and phagocytosis, (ii) regulation of host-symbiont biomass, (iii) metabolic exchange and nutrient trafficking, and (iv) calcification. Where appropriate, we draw upon examples from a range of cnidarian-alga symbioses, including the symbiosis between green Hydra and its intracellular chlorophyte symbiont, which has considerable potential to inform our understanding of the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Ultimately, we provide a comprehensive overview of the history of the field, its current status, and where it should be going in the future.

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“…Coral fragments (2 cm) were airbrushed and purified using the same protocol as Stochaj and Grossman (1997) and resuspended in 100% methanol. After ensuring identical samples (chlorophyll concentration), we followed the protocol of Rogers and Marcovich (2007) for pigment HPLC analysis.…”

Section: Pigments Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Adaptive Photosynthetic Characteristics of Mesophotic Symbiotic Microalgae within the Reef-Building Coral, Stylophora pistillata

et al. 2016

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Photosynthetic coral reef structures extend from the shallow sundrenched waters to the dimly lit, "twilight" mesophotic depths. For their resident endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, primarily from the genus Symbiodinium spp., this represents a photic environment that varies ∼15-fold in intensity and also differs in spectral composition. We examined photosynthesis in the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata in shallow (3 m) and mesophotic settings (65 m) in the northern Red Sea. Symbiodinium spp. in corals originating from the mesophotic environment consistently performed below their photosynthetic compensation point and also exhibited distinct light harvesting antenna organization. In addition, the non-photochemical quenching activity of Symbiodinium spp. from mesophotic corals was shown to be considerably lower than those found in shallow corals, showing they have fewer defenses to high-light settings. Over a period of almost 4 years, we extensively utilized closed circuit Trimix rebreather diving to perform the study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that shallow corals (3 m) transplanted to a deep reef environment (65 m) maintained their initial Symbiodinium spp. community (clade A), rather than taking on deep low-light clades (clade C), demonstrating that shallow S. pistillata acclimate to low-light mesophotic environments while maintaining their shallow photosynthetic traits. Mesophotic corals exhibited static depth-related chlorophyll content per cell, a decrease in PSI activity and enhanced sigmoidal fluorescence rise kinetics. The sigmoidal fluorescence rise kinetics we observed in mesophotic corals is an indication of energy transfer between photosynthetic units. We postulate that at mesophotic depths, a community of adapted Symbiodinium spp. utilize a unique adaptation to lower light conditions by shifting their light harvesting to a PSII based system, where PSII is structured near PSI, with additional PCP soluble Einbinder et al.Novel Photosynthetic Characteristics of Mesophotic Photosymbionts antenna also trapping light that is funneled to the PSI reaction center. In this study, we provide evidence that mesophotic Symbiodinium spp. have developed novel adaptive low-light characteristics consisting of a cooperative system for excitation energy transfer between photosynthetic units that maximizes light utilization.

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DIFFERENCES IN THE PROTEIN PROFILES OF CULTURED AND ENDOSYMBIOTIC SYMBIODINIUM SP. (PYRROPHYTA) FROM THE ANEMONE AIPTASIA PALLIDA (ANTHOZOA)

Cited by 42 publications

References 73 publications

Effects of starvation, ammonium concentration, and photosynthesis on the UV-dependent accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the coral Stylophora pistillata

Effects of starvation, ammonium concentration, and photosynthesis on the UV-dependent accumulation of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in the coral Stylophora pistillata

Cell Biology of Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis

Novel Adaptive Photosynthetic Characteristics of Mesophotic Symbiotic Microalgae within the Reef-Building Coral, Stylophora pistillata

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