Differences in the effects of parental age on offspring life history between tropical and temperate populations of milkweed bugs (Oncopeltus spp.)

Abstract

SummaryWe compare the effects of parental age on several offspring life history traits in two milkweed bug populations: a typically univoltine population of Oncopeltus fasciatus from the Sacramento Valley of California and a typically multivoltine population of O. cingulifer from Monteverde, Costa Rica. Reared under identical conditions (27~ 12 h light: 12 h dark photoperiod), these bugs exhibit significant differences in the effects of parental age on offspring life history. As they age, O. fasciatus females from Sacramento lay clutches of eggs of decreasing average weight and a decreasing proportion of their eggs produce offspring that survive to adulthood. Those offspring which do survive have a significantly faster developmental rate and females have a larger body size at adult eclosion. As O. cingulifer from Monteverde age, they also produce lighter eggs, but there is no significant change in the offspring developmental rate, survival or female adult body size. We suggest that these results are largely explicable as the consequence of different parental investment strategies associated with the predictable relationship between parental age and time of season in O. fasciatus but not in O. cingulifer. As O. fasciatus from Sacramento age, they may be increasing their investment per developing offspring so as to increase the probability that nymphs hatching late in the season will reach a prereproductive adult diapause before the first killing frost.

Geographic Variation in Maternal-Age Effects on Diapause in a Cricket

“…In houseflies (Rockstein, 1957) and in Drosophila (Bames, 1984;Cadieu, 1983;Fleuriet and Vageille, 1982;Kerver and Rotman, 1987) offspring of young mothers displayed higher survival and more rapid development than offspring of older mothers. In the milkweed bug Oncopelt us fasciatus offspring of young mothers took about 28 days to develop, whereas old mothers produced smaller eggs, which took only 25 days to develop but suffered reduced survivorship (Phelan and Frumhoff, 1991). Such maternal-age effects are usually interpreted as differential investment related to the probability of the offspring's survival, and the likelihood ofthe mother acquiring additional energy reserves (Charlesworth, 1980).…”

The evolutionary ecology of the Lygaeidae

“…N. huttoni normally have three generations per year in their natural range and overwinter as adults; therefore, a shorter nymphal stage could potentially be Phelan and Frumhoff (1991), Root and Chaplin (1976) Oncopeltus fasciatus Typical clutch size is approximately 30 eggs though this appears to be highly variable (recorded clutch sizes range from 5 to more than 50). Lifetime egg production is similarly variable with some studies reporting between 200 and 2000 eggs produced by a female over her lifespan Temperature, Population, Photoperiod Sauer and Feir (1973), Dingle (1974), Feir (1974), Baldwin and Dingle (1986), Groeters and Dingle (1987), Dingle, Evans and Palmer (1988), Groeters and Dingle (1988), Eslie (1990), Phelan and Frumhoff (1991) beneficial to enable individuals to reach adulthood during poor, shorter summers. So far, this is the only species found to show this flexibility in nymphal instars within the Lygaeidae; however, it is well documented in other insect groups (Esperk et al 2007) and may well be far more common.…”

“…So far, this is the only species found to show this flexibility in nymphal instars within the Lygaeidae; however, it is well documented in other insect groups (Esperk et al 2007) and may well be far more common. Evidence for another form of developmental variation has been found in Oncopeltus fasciatus in which maternal effects influence size and development time, particularly with respect to the age of the mother (Phelan and Frumhoff 1991). This has also been linked to the seasonal variation experienced by some populations and has been suggested as a mechanism by which mothers can maximize the survival potential of their offspring as the offspring of older mothers develop faster (Groeters and Dingle 1987).…”

Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae)'nin Biyolojisine Ana Yaşının Etkileri Üzerinde Araştırmalarurgutlu Bağlarının Beslenme Durumu

“…Ambrose & Livingstone (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) nimflerinin gelişme süresine ana yaşının etkisinin olduğunu, ana yaşı ilerledikçe nimflerin gelişme süresinin arttığını ortaya koymuşlardır. Phelan and Frumhoff (1991)…”

“…Ayrıca ana yaşının etkisiyle yavruların bir kısmının gelişme dönemini tamamlayamadan öldüğü ve buna bağlı olarak ananın ilerleyen yaşında bıraktığı yavruların canlı kalma oranının daha düşük olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca genç anaların bıraktığı bireyler gelişmesini tamamlayıp ergin olduktan sonra daha fazla yavru bırakırken, yaşlı analardan meydana gelen bireyler daha az yavru bırakabilmektedir (Kiritani and Kimura, 1967;Ambrose et al, 1988;Phelan and Frumhoff, 1991;Fox, 1993Fox, , 2000Fox and Dingle, 1994;Mohaghegh et al, 1998;Jann and Ward, 1999;Reznik et al, 2002;Mishra and Omkar, 2004;Zehnder and Hunter, 2007;Montoya and Farfan, 2009). Dünyada ana yaşının böceklere etkilerini inceleyen bazı çalışmalar olmasına rağmen ülkemizde bu konu ile ilgili sadece Yılmaz (2006)'ın bir çalışması olduğu görülmüştür.…”