Differences in the Course of Depression and Anxiety after COVID-19 Infection between Recovered Patients with and without a Psychiatric History: A Cross-Sectional Study

Hazumi, Megumi; Usuda, Kentaro; Okazaki, Emi; Kataoka, Masaki; Nishi, Daisuke

doi:10.3390/ijerph191811316

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…Physical comorbidity was associated with depression and anxiety, as a systematic review indicates that any comorbidity before COVID-19 infection was related to depression and anxiety (17); some studies also suggest that the baseline Charlson comorbidities index predicts depression and anxiety after infection (18,19). In addition, the relationship between a psychiatric history and depression and anxiety was also reported by previous studies (19,21,75). As for the duration after infection, depression remained over time except at the 6-month time point, and anxiety was higher at over one month than at less than one month.…”

Section: Participant Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Relationship between cognition and emotions caused by the COVID-19 infection, and depression and anxiety

Hazumi

Okazaki

Usuda

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Although negative cognition and emotions are known to develop with experiences of COVID-19 infection, it remains unclear whether such cognitions and emotions contribute to depression and anxiety as post-acute symptoms of COVID-19. We aimed to investigate the relationships between cognition and emotions caused by COVID-19 infection and depression and anxiety. Methods A cross-sectional survey of COVID-19 recovered patients was conducted from July to September 2021 in Japan. Outcome variables, depression and anxiety were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7); scores of 10 and above were identified as having symptoms of depression and anxiety, respectively. Exposure variables were whether participants were experiencing the following cognition and emotions strongly: threat to life due to COVID-19 infection, helplessness regarding COVID-19 infection, blaming a third party who did not restrain from going outside, blaming themselves for their COVID-19 infection, worry about spreading the infection to others, and self-stigma (Self-Stigma Scale-Short). Modified Poisson regression analyses were performed to analyze the findings. Results A total of 6016 responses were included in the analyses. The proportion of depression was 19.88%, and anxiety was 11.47%. The threat of life due to COVID-19 infection, helplessness regarding COVID-19 infection, blaming oneself for their COVID-19 infection, and self-stigma were significantly associated with depression and anxiety after adjusting covariates. Blaming the third party who did not restrain from going outside was associated with anxiety. There was no association between the worry about spreading to others and depression or anxiety. Conclusion Negative cognition and emotions, including self-stigma with the experience of COVID-19 infection, were related to depression and anxiety. Countermeasures for preventing or decreasing the cognition and emotions may be needed to mitigate these symptoms.

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Section: Participant Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 57%

Relationship between cognition and emotions caused by the COVID-19 infection, and depression and anxiety

Hazumi

Okazaki

Usuda

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Therefore, confirming the association between preexisting psychiatric disorders and post-COVID-19 among people who would not have used medical care after recovering from COVID-19 infection is necessary. Our previous study showed that the courses of depressive and anxiety symptoms after the infection of COVID-19 were more severe in COVID-19 survivors with preexisting psychiatric disorders than in those without the disorders 15 . However, the association between preexisting psychiatric disorders and physical symptoms of post-COVID-19 is still unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Association of preexisting psychiatric disorders with post-COVID-19 prevalence: a cross-sectional study

Kataoka

Hazumi

Usuda

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Evidence demonstrating the association of preexisting psychiatric disorders with post-COVID-19 is limited. We aim to investigate the association using larger sample sizes and more extended postinfection periods than previous studies. A total of 6015 (response rate = 77.5%) COVID-19 survivors were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire from July to September 2021. Poisson regression analysis with robust error variance was performed to estimate post-COVID-19 prevalence ratios (PRs) with or without preexisting psychiatric disorders. Participants with preexisting psychiatric disorders numbered 1067 (17.7%), and with post-COVID-19 were 2149 (35.7%). Post-COVID-19 PR with preexisting psychiatric disorders was 1.09 (95% CI 1.02–1.18, p = 0.013). The interaction between preexisting psychiatric disorders and postinfection periods was significant (p for interaction < 0.001). The subgroup analysis showed that those with preexisting psychiatric disorders might be at greater prolonged risk of post-COVID-19 than those without the disorders. These findings suggested that preexisting psychiatric disorders were associated with an increased post-COVID-19 risk, and post-COVID-19 with preexisting psychiatric disorders might prolong even if time passes.

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“…A bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and psychiatric diseases has been suggested, with SARS-CoV-2 infection predisposing to subsequent psychiatric symptoms and previous diagnoses of mental illness being a risk factor for worse COVID-19 outcomes, higher mortality rates, and long-term residual symptoms [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Growing evidence described the association between mood disorders and immune-inflammatory activation manifested through increased levels of inflammatory indexes [ 13 ], and inflammatory processes have been, to some extent, correlated with recurrence of episodes [ 14 – 16 ]. Thus, according to the involvement of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of mental illnesses, it has been proposed that a psychiatric history could further promote inflammation during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection and result in more severe depressive and anxious symptoms and a greater unlikelihood of recovery in the short time [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite increasing evidence on post-COVID-19 depression, less is known about the clinical course and treatment response of physical and cognitive correlates that represent a critical issue in the management of this condition and hinder full functional recovery [ 4 , 9 , 10 ]. Also, whether the course of post-COVID-19 depression, especially of physical and cognitive symptoms, differs between subjects with and without a psychiatric history still needs further clarification [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and cognitive correlates, inflammatory levels, and treatment response in post-COVID-19 first-onset vs. recurrent depressive episodes

Nicola

Pepe

Mori

et al. 2023

Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci

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Psychiatric symptoms have been frequently reported in patients affected by COVID-19, both as new occurring and recurrences of pre-existing diseases. Depressive symptoms are estimated to affect at least 30% of patients following infection, with specific physical and cognitive features and relevant immune-inflammatory alterations. This study aimed to retrospectively characterize post-COVID-19 first-onset and recurrent major depressive episodes (MDE) and to evaluate the effects of antidepressants on physical and cognitive correlates of depression, in addition to mood, anxiety, and underlying inflammatory status. We evaluated 116 patients (44.8% males, 51.1 ± 17 years) with post-COVID-19 first-onset (38.8%) and recurrent (61.2%) MDE at baseline and after one- and three-month treatment with antidepressants (31% SSRIs, 25.9% SNRIs, 43.1% others). We assessed sociodemographic and clinical features and psychopathological dimensions through: Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scales; Short Form-36 Health Survey Questionnaire; Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression 5-items. The systemic immune-inflammatory index was calculated to measure inflammation levels. Alongside the reduction of depression and anxiety ( p < 0.001), physical and cognitive symptoms improved ( p < 0.001) and inflammatory levels decreased ( p < 0.001) throughout treatment in both groups. Post-COVID-19 recurrent MDE showed a significantly more severe course of physical and cognitive symptoms and persistently higher levels of inflammation than first-onset episodes. Antidepressants proved to be effective in both post-COVID-19 first-onset and recurrent MDE. However, a sustained inflammatory status might blunt treatment response in patients with recurrent depression in terms of physical correlates and cognition. Therefore, personalized approaches, possibly involving combinations with anti-inflammatory compounds, could promote better outcomes in this clinical population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00406-023-01617-7.

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Differences in the Course of Depression and Anxiety after COVID-19 Infection between Recovered Patients with and without a Psychiatric History: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cited by 15 publications

References 42 publications

Relationship between cognition and emotions caused by the COVID-19 infection, and depression and anxiety

Relationship between cognition and emotions caused by the COVID-19 infection, and depression and anxiety

Association of preexisting psychiatric disorders with post-COVID-19 prevalence: a cross-sectional study

Physical and cognitive correlates, inflammatory levels, and treatment response in post-COVID-19 first-onset vs. recurrent depressive episodes

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