Differences in sex expression and mating systems in three pollination morphs of <i>Cimicifuga simplex</i>

Toji, Tsubasa; Itino, Takao

doi:10.1111/1442-1984.12265

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In the case of andromonoecious ramets, the primary raceme has hermaphroditic flowers and the lateral racemes have unisexual male flowers (Fig. 2; Pellmyr 1987, Toji and Itino 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strong fragrance helps attract butterflies (Pellmyr 1986). Morph III is distributed in shaded forest floor lowland habitats and blooms between early October and early November (Table 1; Pellmyr 1986, Kuzume and Itino 2013, Toji and Itino 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, Kuzume and Itino (2013) identified three genetically differentiated morphs of C. simplex , each morph with a different reproductive system (Toji and Itino 2020). Pellmyr (1987) did not mention reproductive system differences among of C. simplex morphs; thus, more explanation than that provided by Pellmyr (1987) is necessary to understand the diversity of sexual expression among C. simplex morphs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pellmyr (1987) did not mention reproductive system differences among of C. simplex morphs; thus, more explanation than that provided by Pellmyr (1987) is necessary to understand the diversity of sexual expression among C. simplex morphs. According to Toji and Itino (2020), morph I, which has a high outcrossing rate, is gynodioecious; it mainly produces hermaphroditic and unisexual female ramets, along with a few andromonoecious ramets. Morph II, which has a high outcrossing rate, produces hermaphroditic and andromonoecious ramets (i.e., ramets with a hermaphroditic primary raceme and lateral racemes with unisexual male flowers).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Information from previous studies (Pellmyr 1986, Kuzume and Itino 2013, Toji and Itino 2020) and the information obtained in this study are included. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal change of flower sex ratio and pollinator dynamics in three reproductive ecotypes of protandrous plant

Toji¹,

Ishimoto

Itino

2020

Ecosphere

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Cimicifuga simplex has three genetically and ecologically distinct pollination morphs with different flowering phenology, flower sex expressions, and selfing rates. A previous study showed that strong protandry in hermaphroditic flowers of C. simplex causes there to be seasonal minority sexes; for example, unisexual female ramets are advantageous in the first half of the flowering season and bloom then (minority sex hypothesis). That study, however, did not distinguish among the three pollination morphs of C. simplex. We investigated seasonal sex ratio changes and pollinator environments of the three morphs to verify and expand the minority sex hypothesis. We investigated flowering phenology, pollinator quantity and quality, seasonal population sex ratio dynamics, and stamen/ovule ratios in hermaphroditic flowers. We also examined the seasonal female reproductive success of hermaphroditic flowers, and the effect of male flower excision on fruit set by morph II hermaphroditic flowers. Morph I (mainly hermaphroditic and female ramets) had high pollinator quality and quantity. Fruit set of hermaphroditic ramets was high throughout the flowering season. Morph II (hermaphroditic and andromonoecious ramets) had low pollinator quality, and few pollinators visited near the beginning and end of the season. Removal of male flowers led to a pollen limitation. Morph III (hermaphroditic ramets and a high selfing rate) had very low pollinator abundance throughout the flowering season, and male and female phases largely overlapped. The scarcity of male flowers in morph I is likely a result of the high pollinator quantity and quality. The high fruit set suggests that no pollen limitation existed. The low pollinator quality and quantity of the morph II population caused it to suffer from pollen limitation and may explain the absence of unisexual female ramets in this morph. The high selfing rate of morph III may be due to the extremely low pollinator abundance. Theoretical studies have indicated that the optimal investment allocation to male and female functions depends on whether a pollen limitation exists. In C. simplex, the observed relationships between pollinator environment and reproductive systems are consistent with these theoretical models.

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“…In the case of andromonoecious ramets, the primary raceme has hermaphroditic flowers and the lateral racemes have unisexual male flowers (Fig. 2; Pellmyr 1987, Toji and Itino 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Information from previous studies (Pellmyr 1986, Kuzume and Itino 2013, Toji and Itino 2020) and the information obtained in this study are included. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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