Differences in Self-Reported Discrimination by Primary Type of Drug Used among New York City Drug Users

Crawford, Natalie D.; Rudolph, Abby E.; Jones, Kandice C.; Fuller, Crystal M.

doi:10.3109/00952990.2012.673664

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In another study conducted by Furst, heroin users made distinctions between “addicts” who were able to work and participate in family versus “junkies” who gave up on life and didn’t engage in everyday expected norms for living (Furst & Evans, 2014). Studies have also found that heroin users report significantly more discrimination and stigma than cocaine users (Crawford, Rudolph, Jones & Fuller, 2012). Similarly, among injection drug users (IDUs) Fitzgerald (2004) found IDUs viewed IDUs who contracted Hepatitis C as being irresponsible, uncaring and lacking morality while Simmonds & Croomber (2009) found that many drug using individuals stigmatized IDUs who were homeless and viewed them as criminal and lazy due to assumptions that they shared “unclean” needles.…”

Section: Background and Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-group stigma: Examining peer relationships among women in recovery for addictions

Gunn

Canada

2015

Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy

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This grounded theory study explores how women with histories of addiction perceive stigma while in treatment. In-depth interviews were conducted with 30 women participating in a residential drug treatment center. Previous research has found that support from peers during recovery can be critical to managing illnesses. In fact, researchers have postulated that peers can be a more effective form of support than even family. This study extends existing literature indicating that peer support systems can be supportive, however they can also can be perceived as negative support that impose stigmas. Findings reveal that women perceive stigmas due to how various types of drug use violate societal expectations and conflict with notions of deservingness. Specifically, the “hard users” (i.e., women who use heroin or crack cocaine) perceive stigmas regarding how their drug use violates norms of womanhood. Moreover, the “soft users” (i.e., those who use alcohol or marijuana) perceive stigmas that their drug use is considered undeserving of support. This paper explores the factors that contribute to stigma amongst populations who potentially face marginalization from larger society. Implications for treatment and group work are discussed.

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Section: Background and Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-group stigma: Examining peer relationships among women in recovery for addictions

Gunn

Canada

2015

Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy

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“…Stigma towards PWID has been associated with stigma towards HIV-positive people in a national sample (Capitanio and Herek, 1999). Similarly, those who use ‘harder’ drugs (i.e., heroin) are more likely to report discrimination (Crawford et al, 2012b). In a review of global barriers to implementing HIV prevention efforts, negative views towards PWID have been identified as a major deterrent to HIV prevention coverage and treatment access (Strathdee et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internalized stigma and sterile syringe use among people who inject drugs in New York City, 2010–2012

Rivera

DeCuir

Crawford

et al. 2014

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Little is known on the effect of stigma on the health and behavior of people who inject drugs (PWID). PWID may internalize these negative attitudes and experiences and stigmatize themselves (internalized stigma). With previous research suggesting a harmful effect of internalized stigma on health behaviors, we aimed to determine socio-demographic characteristics and injection risk behaviors associated with internalized PWID-related stigma in New York City (NYC). Methods Three NYC pharmacies assisted in recruiting PWID. Pharmacy-recruited PWID syringe customers received training in recruiting up to three of their peers. Participants completed a survey on injection behaviors and PWID-related stigma. Among HIV-negative PWID (n=132), multiple linear regression with GEE (to account for peer network clustering) was used to examine associations with internalized PWID-related stigma. Results Latinos were more likely to have higher internalized stigma, as were those with lower educational attainment. Those with higher internalized stigma were more likely to not use a syringe exchange program (SEP) recently, although no association was found with the recent use of pharmacies for syringes. Lastly, higher internalized stigma was related to less than 100% use of pharmacies or SEPs for syringe needs. Conclusions These data suggest that PWID with higher internalized stigma are less likely to consistently use sterile syringe sources in urban settings with multiple sterile syringe access points. These results support the need for individual-and structural-level interventions that address PWID-related stigma. Future research is needed to examine why PWID with higher internalized stigma have less consistent use of public syringe access venues.

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“…HIV and injection drug use are highly stigmatized, even relative to other health conditions and other forms of drug use (Crandall, 1991; Crawford, Rudolph, Jones, & Fuller, 2012; Earnshaw, Smith, Cunningham, & Copenhaver, 2013). Experiencing stigma, through anticipation of others’ biases (anticipated stigma or stigma consciousness) and/or endorsement of negative beliefs about oneself (internalized stigma), adversely affects health both directly, by activating stress responses and obstructing access to healthcare, and indirectly, by undermining health-promoting behavior (Earnshaw, Bogart, Dovidio, & Williams, 2013; Earnshaw & Chaudoir, 2009; Major, Mendes, & Dovidio, 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A tale of two cities: Stigma and health outcomes among people with HIV who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia

Burke

Calabrese

Dovidio

et al. 2015

Social Science & Medicine

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Experiences of stigma are often associated with negative mental and physical health outcomes. The present work tested the associations between stigma and health-related outcomes among people with HIV who inject drugs in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia and St. Petersburg, Russia. These two cities share some of the highest rates of HIV outside of sub-Saharan Africa, largely driven by injection drug use, but Estonia has implemented harm reduction services more comprehensively. People who inject drugs were recruited using respondent-driven sampling; those who indicated being HIV-positive were included in the present sample (n=381 in St. Petersburg; n=288 in Kohtla-Järve). Participants reported their health information and completed measures of internalized HIV stigma, anticipated HIV stigma, internalized drug stigma, and anticipated drug stigma. Participants in both locations indicated similarly high levels of all four forms of stigma. However, stigma variables were more strongly associated with health outcomes in Russia than in Estonia. The St. Petersburg results were consistent with prior work linking stigma and health. Lower barriers to care in Kohtla-Järve may help explain why social stigma was not closely tied to negative health outcomes there. Implications for interventions and health policy are discussed.

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Differences in Self-Reported Discrimination by Primary Type of Drug Used among New York City Drug Users

Cited by 14 publications

References 26 publications

Intra-group stigma: Examining peer relationships among women in recovery for addictions

Intra-group stigma: Examining peer relationships among women in recovery for addictions

Internalized stigma and sterile syringe use among people who inject drugs in New York City, 2010–2012

A tale of two cities: Stigma and health outcomes among people with HIV who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia and Kohtla-Järve, Estonia

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