Differences in saliva ACE2 activity among infected and non-infected adult and pediatric population exposed to SARS-CoV-2

Jiménez, Daniel; Martínez-Sanz, Javier; Sainz, Talía; Calvo, Cristina; Méndez-Echevarría, Ana; Moreno, Elena; Blázquez‐Gamero, Daniel; Vizcarra, Pilar; Rodríguez, Mario; Jenkins, Robert B.; Sánchez-Conde, Matilde; Ron, Raquel; Norman, Francesca; Moreno, Santiago; Ferrer, Manuel; Serrano‐Villar, Sergio

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2022.04.041

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Jiménez et al. previously reported that saliva ACE2 activity in children is lower than in adults [23] . This finding led Bayhan and colleagues to hypothesize the reduced ACE2 activity in children conferred a lower susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Clinical utility of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RT-PCR in a pediatric quaternary care setting

Osborn

Chen

Flores-Vazquez

et al. 2023

Journal of Clinical Virology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Clinical utility of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RT-PCR in a pediatric quaternary care setting

Osborn

Chen

Flores-Vazquez

et al. 2023

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…An alternative mechanism of action has been hypothesised that would explain the release of sACE2 as an inflammatory response to virus acquisition and disease development. In this regard, a recent cross-sectional study with individuals of all ages reported a positive correlation of sACE2 activity in saliva with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults as well as with disease severity in adults 25 . Of note, that study was based on the use of an enzymatic colorimetric assay to measure sACE2 activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Association between soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in saliva and SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional study

Bru

Brotons

Jordán

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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This study aimed to investigate the association between saliva soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (sACE2) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adults. We selected a convenience sample of adults with post-acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and their household children living in quarantined family households of the metropolitan Barcelona region (Spain) during the spring 2020 pandemic national lockdown. Participants were tested for saliva sACE2 quantification by western blot and nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR detection. A total of 161 saliva samples [82 (50.9%) from children; 79 (49.1%) from females] yielded valid western blot and RT-PCR results. Saliva sACE2 was detected in 79 (96.3%) children and 76 (96.2%) convalescent adults. Twenty (24.4%) children and 20 (25.3%) convalescent adults were positive for SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharynx by RT-PCR. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-negative children had a significantly higher mean proportional level of saliva sACE2 (0.540 × 10–3%) than RT-PCR-positive children (0.192 × 10–3%, p < 0.001) and convalescent adults (0.173 × 10–3%, p < 0.001). In conclusion, children negative for nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR appear to exhibit a higher concentration of saliva sACE2 than SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive children and convalescent adults. Release of adequate levels of sACE2 in saliva could play a protective role against SARS-CoV-2.

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“…Several studies have con rmed that the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in children are lower than in adults, which may be another potential factor for the severity of COVID-19. [30][31][32] The expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the nasal endothelium of neonates, whether at term or preterm, is lower than that of adults, which may explain the mildness of neonatal COVID-19 due to the Omicron variant. [33] The incidence of neurological complications in children with COVID-19 is approximately 7% and is associated with an increase in disease severity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe COVID-19 in hospitalized neonates with Omicron variant infection: a retrospective study

Wei,

Peng

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Previous study on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in neonates was limited, especially in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) Omicron variant. This study aims to analyze the clinical characteristics and identify risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 in neonates infected with Omicron variant. Methods The study population was neonates with COVID-19 who were admitted to The Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University in northwest China, from December 10, 2022 to January 20, 2023. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced that all local COVID-19 cases were infected with Omicron variant during the study period. Clinical and laboratory data was collected retrospectively. We used logistic regression analysis to investigate the risk factors for severe COVID-19, and derived odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from it. Results A total of 108 neonates have a median age of 18.1 days (interquartile range 9.4–23.0) for diagnosis of COVID-19 including 84 in mild group and 24 in severe group. Of them, 6.5% were premature and 22.2% had severe infection. There were no deaths. The most common clinical manifestations were fever (88.9%) and cough (55.6%), with 5 cases (4.6%) complicated by pneumonia. 4 cases (3.7%) received respiratory support, including 2 cases of high-flow oxygen and 2 cases of non-invasive ventilation. Gestational age at birth (OR: 0.615; 95% CI: 0.393–0.961), neutrophil count (NEU) (OR:0.576; 95% CI : 0.344–0.962) and lymphocyte count (LYM) (OR: 0.159; 95% CI: 0.063–0.401) were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19. The combination of NEU and LYM had the largest receiver operating characteristic area under the curve [0.912 (95% CI:0.830–0.993)] for identifying severe COVID-19, with a sensitivity of 0.833 and a specificity of 0.917. Conclusions The general presentations and outcomes of neonatal COVID-19 caused by Omicron variant were not severe and very few patients required respiratory support. The simultaneous decrease in NEU and LYM can be used to identify severe infection.

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Differences in saliva ACE2 activity among infected and non-infected adult and pediatric population exposed to SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Clinical utility of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RT-PCR in a pediatric quaternary care setting

Clinical utility of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RT-PCR in a pediatric quaternary care setting

Association between soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in saliva and SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional study

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of severe COVID-19 in hospitalized neonates with Omicron variant infection: a retrospective study

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