Differences in osteonal micromorphology between tensile and compressive cortices of a bending skeletal system: Indications of potential strain‐specific differences in bone microstructure

Skedros, John G.; Mason, M.W.; Bloebaum, Roy D.

doi:10.1002/ar.1092390407

Cited by 104 publications

(116 citation statements)

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“…tension versus compression) and the corresponding disparity in strain magnitude (greater in the compressed cortex) may evoke regional strain-related adaptive responses. For example, compressed regions tend to have greater osteon population density and/or more oblique-to-transverse collagen fiber orientation than opposing tension cortices (Marotti, 1963;Lanyon and Bourn, 1979;Bouvier and Hylander, 1981;Portigliatti Barbos et al, 1984;Martin and Burr, 1989;Mason et al, 1995;Skedros et al, 1994Skedros et al, , 1996Skedros et al, , 1997Skedros et al, , 2001bTakano et al, 1999;Kalmey and Lovejoy, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are uniform regional safety factors an objective of adaptive modeling/remodeling in cortical bone?

Skedros¹,

Dayton²,

Sybrowsky³

et al. 2003

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Mechanical strains produced by functional loading influence the cellular activities responsible for normal appendicular bone development and maintenance. Contemporary investigations recognize that modeling and remodeling processes mediate the strain-related structural and material adaptations produced during normal bone development. However, the goals towards which such adaptations are directed remain unclear. hypothesized that a possible objective for regional variations in material organization between cortical locations of a limb bone diaphysis may be the maintenance of uniform stresses throughout a bone's crosssection. Examining mature ovine radii at mid-diaphysis, they found that the narrower caudal 'compression' cortex had a lower elastic modulus than the thicker, less-highly strained cranial (dorsal) 'tension' cortex. Riggs et al. (1993) reported similar elastic modulus differences between the cranial 'tension' and caudal 'compression' cortices of the equine radius at mid-diaphysis, even though these regions have nearly equivalent cortical thickness. These elastic modulus differences were attributed to significant regional variations between the cranial and caudal cortices, including more oblique-to-transverse collagen fiber orientation, lower mineral content, and increased remodeling with secondary osteons in the caudal cortex. These authors suggested that since cranial versus caudal stresses are significantly different in each species, and the associated remodeling responses appeared to amplify this difference, the non-uniform stress distribution represents a goal of developmental adaptation. Because yield and ultimate stress of cortical bone are lower in tension than in compression (Reilly and Burstein, 1975), and the nonuniform stress distributions of ovine and equine radii resulted in roughly equivalent safety factors between the cranial and caudal cortices, the achievement of equivalent or uniform 'regional' safety factors (e.g. cranial cortex = caudal cortex) was offered as an explanation for a major goal of adaptation in these bones Riggs et al., 1993).Safety factors, when considered in skeletal biomechanics, usually refer to an entire bone (Rubin and Lanyon, 1982;Biewener, 1993). In the present study we further examine the idea of 'regional' safety factors; for example, those from a distinct cortical location within the same transverse crosssection Riggs et al., 1993). In either case, It has been hypothesized that a major objective of morphological adaptation in limb-bone diaphyses is the achievement of uniform regional safety factors between discrete cortical locations (e.g. between cranial and caudal cortices at mid-diaphysis). This hypothesis has been tested, and appears to be supported in the diaphyses of ovine and equine radii. The present study more rigorously examined this question using the equine third metacarpal (MC3), which has had functionally generated intracortical strains estimated by a sophisticated finite element model. Mechanical properties of multiple mid-diaphyseal specimens ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are uniform regional safety factors an objective of adaptive modeling/remodeling in cortical bone?

Skedros¹,

Dayton²,

Sybrowsky³

et al. 2003

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Independent work done by Su et al (1999), Lai et al (2005), Skedros et al, (1994), Abdel-Wahab et al (2010) and Li et al (2012a and b) confirmed a correlation between mechanical properties and local anatomic position for both artiodactyl and human bone. The reasons for this correlation defined as the effect of mineral content (Lai et al, 2005;Skedros et al, 1997); adaptive transition of microstructure (Riggs et al, 1993a); prevalence of specific strain or local motion (Su et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Variability and anisotropy of mechanical behavior of cortical bone in tension and compression

Demirci

Silberschmidt

2013

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

161

100

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• This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials.Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication.A definitive version was subsequently published in: Journal of the Me-

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“…Also, the fractional area of secondary bone was found to be greater in the areas of the cortex that receive more deleterious loading conditions. (Skedros et al, 1994(Skedros et al, , 2001). In the calcanei, significantly smaller osteons were found in the highly strained part of cortex (Skedros et al, 2001), a result also obtained theoretically using a mechano-biological model of bone remodeling (van Oers et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Spatial Arrangement of Secondary Osteons in the Diaphysis of Equine and Canine Long Bones

Shahar

Lukas

Papo

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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The blood supply of bone cells in compact bone is provided primarily by blood vessels located within Haversian canals forming the centre of osteons. Mid-diaphysial cross-sections of radii and third metacarpal bones from two horses and radii from two mature dogs were studied using reflective light microscopy to quantify the spatial ordering of canals and compared to a computational model. The distributions of canals were analyzed using: 1) the autocorrelation function (ACF), which describes the probability of finding two canals separated by a given distance and 2) the shortest distance distribution (SDD), which describes the probability that a site within bone is located at a given distance from the nearest canal. The order in the investigated horse radii, as characterized by the oscillations of the ACF, was found to be independent of the anatomical location although, in the metacarpal bone the order was higher in the lateral than in the cranial location. Among the dogs, marked differences were only found in the ACF. An analysis of the SDD demonstrates that ordering of canals minimizes the distance of osteocytes from a blood vessel. This suggests that the efficiency of the blood supply can be adapted through differences in the order of the Haversian canals. In our model, the ordering of canals is achieved via an exclusion zone around each canal, imposed upon newly formed osteons. Simulations demonstrate that differences in the observed order can be explained by either a larger size or a larger variability of this exclusion zone. Anat Rec, 294:1093Rec, 294: -1102Rec, 294: , 2011. V V C 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Differences in osteonal micromorphology between tensile and compressive cortices of a bending skeletal system: Indications of potential strain‐specific differences in bone microstructure

Cited by 104 publications

References 70 publications

Are uniform regional safety factors an objective of adaptive modeling/remodeling in cortical bone?

Are uniform regional safety factors an objective of adaptive modeling/remodeling in cortical bone?

Variability and anisotropy of mechanical behavior of cortical bone in tension and compression

Characterization of the Spatial Arrangement of Secondary Osteons in the Diaphysis of Equine and Canine Long Bones

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