2017
DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12147
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Differences in National Identity, Violence and Conflict in International Sport Tournaments: Hic Sunt Leones!

Abstract: Summary This work examines the relationship between national identity and conflict during international sporting tournaments and the impact of referees as an institutional countermeasure. The empirical analysis covers the FIFA World, Confederations and Under 20's World Cups and Olympic tournaments from 1994 to 2014, resulting in 1152 individual matches. We use the issuing of cards (red and yellow) and the number of sanctions (fouls) as a conflict proxy, plus macro‐level national identity markers to determine b… Show more

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Cited by 13 publications
(14 citation statements)
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“…Therefore, in Table 5, we explore the impact of Migrant Fractionalization on three proxies of poor team coordination: the number of fouls, red and yellow cards. For example, Caruso et al (2017) used these variables as proxies for conflict. We replicate the analysis in columns (3) and (6) of Table 2, but employing each of the three variables as the dependent one.…”
Section: Heterogeneity and Channelsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, in Table 5, we explore the impact of Migrant Fractionalization on three proxies of poor team coordination: the number of fouls, red and yellow cards. For example, Caruso et al (2017) used these variables as proxies for conflict. We replicate the analysis in columns (3) and (6) of Table 2, but employing each of the three variables as the dependent one.…”
Section: Heterogeneity and Channelsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For a discussion of group identity, see Caruso, Di Domizio, and Savage (2015, 2017) and Savage (2016). …”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Indeed, scholars have found it difficult to disentangle the effects of culture empirically from other possible determinants (such as legal institutions or poverty) that drive violence. Following the literature on the subject (Miguel et al 2008), we believe that soccer, one of the most popular sports in the world (Boeri and Severgnini 2012), which fills stadia with hundreds of thousands of spectators every week, and which was watched by four billion people on television (Caruso et al 2017), or five, as projected by Gianni Infantino for the Qatar 2022 World Cup, offers an interesting quasi-experimental setting (Altman et al 2021) in which to investigate this. Indeed, apart from being of interest to sports science, since it may help to clarify the outcome and determinants of top-tier sports events, this study also contributes to the economic literature studying the relationship between religious affiliation and violence (Canetti et al 2010;Murphy 2011).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%