Differences in mucilage properties and stomatal sensitivity of locally adapted Zea mays in relation with precipitation seasonality and vapour pressure deficit regime of their native environment

Abstract

With ongoing climate change and the increase in extreme weather events, especially droughts, the challenge of maintaining food security is becoming ever greater. Locally adapted landraces of crops represent a valuable source of adaptation to stressful environments. In the light of future droughts—both by altered soil water supply and increasing atmospheric water demand (vapor pressure deficit [VPD])—plants need to improve their water efficiency. To do so, plants can enhance their access to soil water by improving rhizosphere hydraulic conductivity via the exudation of mucilage. Furthermore, plants can reduce transpirational water loss via stomatal regulation. Although the role of mucilage and stomata regulation on plant water management have been extensively studied, little is known about a possible coordination between root mucilage properties and stomatal sensitivity as well as abiotic drivers shaping the development of drought resistant trait suits within landraces. Mucilage properties and stomatal sensitivity of eight Mexican landraces of Zea mays in contrast with one inbred line were first quantified under controlled conditions and second related to water demand and supply at their respective site of origin. Mucilage physical properties—namely, viscosity, contact angle, and surface tension—differed between the investigated maize varieties. We found strong influences of precipitation seasonality, thus plant water availability, on mucilage production (R2 = .88, p < .01) and mucilage viscosity (R2 = .93, p < .01). Further, stomatal sensitivity to increased atmospheric water demand was related to mucilage viscosity and contact angle, both of which are crucial in determining mucilage's water repellent, thus maladaptive, behavior upon soil drying. The identification of landraces with pre‐adapted suitable trait sets with regard to drought resistance is of utmost importance, for example, trait combinations such as exhibited in one of the here investigated landraces. Our results suggest a strong environmental selective force of seasonality in plant water availability on mucilage properties as well as regulatory stomatal effects to avoid mucilage's maladaptive potential upon drying and likely delay critical levels of hydraulic dysfunction. By this, landraces from highly seasonal climates may exhibit beneficial mucilage and stomatal traits to prolong plant functioning under edaphic drought. These findings may help breeders to efficiently screen for local landraces with pre‐adaptations to drought to ultimately increase crop yield resistance under future climatic variability.

Evidence that variation in root anatomy contributes to local adaptation in Mexican native maize

“…Within maize specifically, root trait variation among inbred breeding lines has been linked to performance differences under both water (Bomfim et al., 2011 ; Jaramillo et al., 2013 ; Schneider et al., 2020 ) and nutrient (Galindo‐Castañeda et al., 2018 ; Schneider, Postma, et al., 2017 ) limitation. Extensive root trait variation has also been reported among native maize varieties (Bayuelo‐Jiménez et al., 2011 ; Berauer et al., 2023 ; Burton et al., 2013 ), although the associated functional impact and possible adaptive roles remain to be fully characterized. Variations in the plant root system can be considered from the anatomy of individual roots to overall root system architecture (Jung & McCouch, 2013 ; Lynch, 2019 ), with traits at all levels interacting to determine overall root system function in the context of a given environment (Klein et al., 2020 ).…”