Differences in Mother–Infant Bond and Social Behavior of African Elephant Calves Living In Situ and Ex Situ
Franziska Hoerner,
Jake Rendle-Worthington,
Arne Lawrenz
et al.
Abstract:African zoo elephants live in safe environments with sufficient resources, are protected from threats, and have their health and body conditions cared for. Calves ex situ undergo the same developmental stages as in situ and are raised by the whole family unit. However, due to environmental differences, there might be behavioral modifications between calves in situ and ex situ. We hypothesize that these differences increase with ongoing generations. This ethological study compares social and general behavior an… Show more
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