We introduce coherent infrared emission interferometry as a (2) vibrational spectroscopy technique and apply it to studying the initial dynamics upon photoactivation of myoglobin (Mb). By impulsive excitation (using 11-fs pulses) of a Mb crystal, vibrations that couple to the optical excitation are set in motion coherently. Because of the order in the crystal lattice the coherent oscillations of the different proteins in the crystal that are associated with charge motions give rise to a macroscopic burst of directional multi-teraHertz radiation. This radiation can be detected in a phase-sensitive way by heterodyning with a broad-band reference field. In this way both amplitude and phase of the different vibrations can be obtained. We detected radiation in the 1,000 -1,500 cm ؊1 frequency region, which contains modes sensitive to the structure of the heme macrocycle, as well as peripheral protein modes. Both in carbonmonoxy-Mb and aquomet-Mb we observed emission from six modes, which were assigned to heme vibrations. The phase factors of the modes contributing to the protein electric field show a remarkable consistency, taking on values that indicate that the dipoles are created ''emitting'' at t ؍ 0, as one would expect for impulsively activated modes. The few deviations from this behavior in Mb-CO we propose are the result of these modes being sensitive to the photodissociation process and severely disrupted by it.T he time scale of reaction dynamics in proteins and concomitant protein conformational changes spans many orders of magnitude. Small and highly directed structural changes occurring on the time scale of vibrations, i.e., tens of femtoseconds to picoseconds, often ultimately lead to a larger conformational change. Timeresolved optical measurements have been widely used to obtain information on the dynamics of the optically active cofactors on time scales ranging from tens of femtoseconds to seconds (1, 2). However, visualization of function-determining structural changes of the protein on the ultrafast time scale is still greatly missing. Specific structural changes may be monitored by vibrational spectroscopy (absorption or Raman scattering) in the mid-IR range, where the protein and cofactors have vibrational transitions, or by NMR and x-ray diffraction techniques. With time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy the structures of photointermediates of proteins have been resolved with nanosecond time resolution (3, 4). However, techniques with femtosecond resolution are necessary to obtain information on local structural changes and their coupling to a reaction on the time scale of molecular vibrations.Information on the coherence time of cofactor-protein interactions with respect to reaction times in several protein complexes has been derived from three pulse-photon echo experiments performed either on electronic transitions of the cofactors (5-7) or vibrational transitions (8, 9). The relevance of low-frequency (Ͻ400 cm Ϫ1 ) heme-protein modes for the initial reactions in hemes has been studied by monitori...