Differences in Humoral Immune Response against the Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Different Immune Pathways

Li, Wen; Sun, Yangyang; Zhao, Shijie; Cui, Zhiying; Chen, Yu; Xu, Pengli; Chen, Jing; Zhang, Yina; Xia, Pingan

doi:10.3390/v14071435

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The PRRSV HeN-3 strain (GenBank ID: ON645930, PRRSV-2) used in this study has been described previously [ 22 ]. The PCV2b, which was a kind gift from Qianyue Jin (Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China), was used for all experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Molecules’ mRNA Expression in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Co-Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2

Cui

Zhou

Hu³

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) are economically important pathogens in swine, and pigs with dual infections of PCV2 and PRRSV consistently have more severe clinical symptoms and interstitial pneumonia. However, the synergistic pathogenesis mechanism induced by PRRSV and PCV2 co-infection has not yet been illuminated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the kinetic changes of immune regulatory molecules, inflammatory factors and immune checkpoint molecules in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in individuals infected or co-infected with PRRSV and/or PCV2. The experiment was divided into six groups: a negative control group (mock, no infected virus), a group infected with PCV2 alone (PCV2), a group infected with PRRSV alone (PRRSV), a PCV2–PRRSV co-infected group (PCV2–PRRSV inoculated with PCV2, followed by PRRSV 12 h later), a PRRSV–PCV2 co-infected group (PRRSV–PCV2 inoculated with PRRSV, followed by PCV2 12 h later) and a PCV2 + PRRSV co-infected group (PCV2 + PRRSV, inoculated with PCV2 and PRRSV at the same time). Then, PAM samples from the different infection groups and the mock group were collected at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h post-infection (hpi) to detect the viral loads of PCV2 and PRRSV and the relative quantification of immune regulatory molecules, inflammatory factors and immune checkpoint molecules. The results indicated that PCV2 and PRRSV co-infection, regardless of the order of infection, had no effect on promoting PCV2 replication, while PRRSV and PCV2 co-infection was able to promote PRRSV replication. The immune regulatory molecules (IFN-α and IFN-γ) were significantly down-regulated, while inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and TGF-β) and immune checkpoint molecules (PD-1, LAG-3, CTLA-4 and TIM-3) were significantly up-regulated in the PRRSV and PCV2 co-infection groups, especially in PAMs with PCV2 inoculation first followed by PRRSV. The dynamic changes in the aforementioned immune molecules were associated with a high viral load, immunosuppression and cell exhaustion, which may explain, at least partially, the underlying mechanism of the enhanced pulmonary lesions by dual infection with PCV2 and PRRSV in PAMs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Molecules’ mRNA Expression in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Co-Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2

Cui

Zhou

Hu³

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…PRRSV could evade host innate immunity, leading to a delayed response of NAs and immunosuppression [ 8 , 12 , 22 ]. PRRSV structural protein GP5 has a neutralizing epitope and plays an important role in the pathogenicity and immune evasion of PRRSV [ 16 , 20 , 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although vaccination is the most effective method to prevent PRRSV infection, the efficacy of PRRSV vaccines remains unsatisfactory [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. It is reported that neutralizing antibodies (NAs) play a significant role in protecting pigs against PRRSV infection, but the delayed response of NAs leads to the low effectiveness of PRRSV vaccines [ 12 , 13 ]. Thus, it is essential to explore the biological processes and the molecular mechanisms underlying PRRSV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis of Potential Host Proteins Interacting with GP5 in PRRSV-Infected PAMs

Li,

Wang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a typical immunosuppressive virus causing a large economic impact on the swine industry. The structural protein GP5 of PRRSV plays a pivotal role in its pathogenicity and immune evasion. Virus–host interactions play a crucial part in viral replication and immune escape. Therefore, understanding the interactions between GP5 and host proteins are significant for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) control. However, the interaction network between GP5 and host proteins in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) has not been reported. In this study, 709 GP5-interacting host proteins were identified in primary PAMs by immunoprecipitation coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these proteins were involved in multiple cellular processes, such as translation, protein transport, and protein stabilization. Subsequently, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assay confirmed that GP5 could interact with antigen processing and presentation pathways related proteins. Finally, we found that GP5 may be a key protein that inhibits the antigen processing and presentation pathway during PRRSV infection. The novel host proteins identified in this study will be the candidates for studying the biological functions of GP5, which will provide new insights into PRRS prevention and vaccine development.

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“…It has been shown that intranasal vaccination can improve the local response against respiratory pathogens ( 34 , 35 ). The immune response we obtained with nasal immunization is characterized by the production of IgG and IgA immunoglobulins in serum and IgM and IgA in mucosa (measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ambient-temperature stable nanoparticle-based vaccine for nasal application that confers long-lasting immunogenicity to carried antigens

et al. 2022

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Polyhedrins are viral proteins present in a large family of baculoviruses that form occlusion bodies (polyhedra). These structures protect the virus particles from the outside environment until they are ingested by susceptible insects. Occluded viruses can sustain inclement weather for long periods of time. Therefore, the polyhedra is a natural preservative that keeps the viral structure intact at ambient temperature for years. In a previous study we identified the first 110 amino acids from polyhedrin (PH(1-110)) as a good candidate to carry antigens of interest. As a proof of concept, we produced a fusion protein with PH(1-110) and the green fluorescent protein (PH(1-110)GFP). The fusion protein associates spontaneously during its synthesis resulting in the formation of nanoparticles. Nasal immunization with these nanoparticles and in the absence of any adjuvant, results in a robust immune response with the production of IgG immunoglobulins that remained elevated for months and that selectively recognize the GFP but not PH(1-110). These results indicate that PH(1-110) is poorly immunogenic but capable of enhancing the immune response to GFP.

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Differences in Humoral Immune Response against the Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus via Different Immune Pathways

Cited by 6 publications

References 40 publications

Immune Molecules’ mRNA Expression in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Co-Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2

Immune Molecules’ mRNA Expression in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Co-Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2

Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis of Potential Host Proteins Interacting with GP5 in PRRSV-Infected PAMs

An ambient-temperature stable nanoparticle-based vaccine for nasal application that confers long-lasting immunogenicity to carried antigens

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