Differences in Horizontal, Neoclassical Facial Canons in Chinese (Han) and North American Caucasian Populations

Wang, Dawei; Guozheng, Qian; Zhang, Mingli; Farkas, Leslie G.

doi:10.1007/s002669900123

Cited by 102 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This finding is in contrast to the results of Farkas et al (1985), where 40.8% of North American whites and 3% of African Americans demonstrated a valid orbito-nasal canon [10]. In Chinese subjects, an equal nasoorbital canon was found in approximately one-third of the population studied (35.4%) [20]. …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

“…Farkas found the equal facial thirds originally described by Albrecht Dürer in the 1500s [2,10] to be present only in a small percentage of African and white Americans [10,11,20]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, in a Chinese Han population, Dawaei et al found that the most predominant variation of the orbital canon was a wider intercanthal distance than eye fissure length. The measurements were equal in about 35.5 percent of the Chinese Han population [20]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A facial canon was accepted as equal if the difference between the measurements was 0–1 mm [10,20]. The chi-square test was used to compare sexes with regard to the vertical canon ( tr-n = n-sn, n-sn = sn-gn and tr-n = sn-gn ), orbital canon ( ex-en = en-en ), and orbito-nasal canon ( en-en = al-al ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The validity of three neo-classical facial canons in young adults originating from the Arabian Peninsula

Al-Sebaei

2015

Head Face Med

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IntroductionUnderstanding facial harmony and proportions is essential for facial reconstructive procedures and orthognathic surgery planning. In the literature, the neoclassical facial canons have been revisited in populations including North American whites and African Americans. The purpose of this study was to establish a baseline for selected facial anthropometric measurements and test the validity of 3 neoclassical facial canons in a cohort of young Saudi adults originating from the Arabian Peninsula.MethodsThe study group consisted of 168 healthy, esthetically pleasing Saudi Arabian dental students originating from the Arabian Peninsula (93 males and 75 females, age 20–24 years). Using a caliper, three neoclassical facial canons were measured; the vertical thirds of the face, the orbital canon (intercanthal distance = eye fissure length), and the orbito-nasal canon (intercanthal distance = nasal width) and analyzed using Student’s t-test, general linear modeling, and pairwise comparison of means.ResultsThe upper, middle, and lower thirds were not equal in measurement to each other (p < 0.0001). Sex dimorphism was observed in the lower facial third and nasal width measurements, with both larger in men (both p < 0.0001). The majority of subjects had longer upper and lower thirds than middle thirds, with 91.4% of males and 88% of females demonstrating a larger lower third than middle third. The most frequent variation in the orbital canon was a wider intercanthal distance than eye fissure length (55.9% of males and 74.7% of females). The most frequent variation in the orbito-nasal canon was a wider nasal width than intercanthal distance (92% of males and 56% of females).ConclusionsAlthough these individuals are esthetically pleasing, they do not exhibit equal facial thirds or conform to orbital or orbito-nasal canons. The three neoclassical canons studied could not be validated in young adults originating from the Arabian Peninsula. Thus, the esthetic goals in reconstructive and orthognathic surgery should respect this ethnic variation.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

“…Farkas found the equal facial thirds originally described by Albrecht Dürer in the 1500s [2,10] to be present only in a small percentage of African and white Americans [10,11,20]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The validity of three neo-classical facial canons in young adults originating from the Arabian Peninsula

Al-Sebaei

2015

Head Face Med

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“…Despite some informative publications on facial canons, 13–16 facial types and aesthetic ideals for Asian subjects remain incompletely defined and are sometimes mistakenly presumed to be homogeneous. Asians are a notably heterogeneous group, and therefore cannot be treated as a uniform population.…”

Section: General Consensus Recommendations For Botulinum Toxin Type Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Aesthetic Applications of Botulinum Toxin A in Asians: An International, Multidisciplinary, Pan-Asian Consensus

Sundaram

Huang

Hsu³

et al. 2016

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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Background:Botulinum toxin type A remains the most popular nonsurgical aesthetic treatment worldwide. Previous consensus statements have focused on Caucasians and on Koreans as generally representative of Asians. However, indications and dosages vary among different ethnic groups. This publication reports the results of a multidisciplinary, pan-Asian consensus focusing on incobotulinumtoxinA.Methods:A consensus group of plastic surgeons and dermatologists from Asia, Europe, and the United States convened for a live meeting in Asia, followed by a questionnaire-based Delphi procedure. Treatment of Asians in both their native countries and countries of migration was discussed.Results:For most items, the group achieved a majority consensus. A number of treatment indications, strategies, and dosages were identified in Asians, which are distinct to those previously described for Caucasians due to differences in facial morphotypes, anatomy, and cultural expectations. The group also formulated position statements for intradermal botulinum toxin type A (“mesotoxin”), body shaping with the calves as a paradigm, and reduction of parotid glands. While Asians have previously been considered a homogeneous group for the purposes of aesthetic treatment, this publication considers regional variations. A new classification of Asian facial morphotypes is proposed to aid treatment planning and implementation.Conclusions:This is the first pan-Asian consensus for aesthetic use of botulinum toxin type A. Its unique objective is to optimize treatment safety and efficacy for patients of complete or part-Asian ancestry in all regions. The recommendations for incobotulinumtoxinA may be extended with care to other botulinum toxin formulations.

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2009

Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery

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Differences in Horizontal, Neoclassical Facial Canons in Chinese (Han) and North American Caucasian Populations

Cited by 102 publications

References 6 publications

The validity of three neo-classical facial canons in young adults originating from the Arabian Peninsula

The validity of three neo-classical facial canons in young adults originating from the Arabian Peninsula

Aesthetic Applications of Botulinum Toxin A in Asians: An International, Multidisciplinary, Pan-Asian Consensus

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