Differences in Hemodynamic, Hormonal and Heart Rate Variability Parameters in Complication-Free Pregnancies Compared to Individuals with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preeclampsia: An Observational Retrospective Analysis

Abstract

To investigate differences in hemodynamic, hormonal and heart rate variability parameters in women following complication-free pregnancies (healthy), preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) after giving childbirth. Data of 60 women (healthy: n = 29, age 32.7 ± 4.5 years, BMI 24.2 ± 4.3 kg/m2; preeclampsia: n = 16, age 35.3 ± 4.4 years, 28.5 ± 6.4 kg/m2; GDM, n = 15, age 32.3 ± 6.0 years, BMI 26.4 ± 6.2 kg/m2) were included. Two visits were conducted 16 and 48 weeks after giving childbirth. Hair samples were taken for analysis of cortisol and testosterone. ECG and blood pressure were recorded at each visit. Data were analyzed via RM-ANOVA and post-hoc testing (p ≤ 0.05). Heart rate increased from visit 1 to visit 2, whereas SDNN decreased (both p = 0.03). RMSSD showed an increased trend for groups (p = 0.06). Testosterone in the GDM group was significantly higher compared to the other groups (p = 0.002). Cortisol levels were significantly higher following post-hoc testing GDM was different compared to healthy individuals (p = 0.02). Hemodynamic changes from week 16 to week 48 did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). No differences between individuals with preeclampsia and healthy individuals were found for all hemodynamic parameters (p > 0.05). The study showed higher levels of chronic stress indicators in GDM measured via heart rate variability and cortisol compared to women with a history of preeclampsia and healthy women.

Relationship between Androgens and Vascular and Placental Function during Pre-eclampsia

“…In 2021, Eckstein et al in Germany used hair samples to measure androgen levels in pre-eclamptic pregnancies and found similar T levels in the pre-eclamptic and healthy groups [ 95 ].…”

Semi-Supervised Clustering-Based DANA Algorithm for Data Gathering and Disease Detection in Healthcare Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

“…Due to their foundational belief that the full benefits of the secret data appointment should be understood early on [ 26 ], DSC techniques are similarly challenging to implement in these situations. The most popular and useful DSC implementation is called DISCUS [ 27 ], where sensor center points are thought of as being divided into bundles. As side information, a center point (the collecting head) communicates uncompressed data for each pack, while any additional centers send encoded (i.e., compacted) data.…”

The effects of Oldenlandia diffusa water extract on glucose metabolism and inflammation level in rats with streptozotocin-induced gestational diabetes mellitus

“…As one of the most common metabolic disorders during pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has become a serious risk to the health of pregnant women and their fetuses (Mierzynski et al, 2021). GDM is characterized by glucose intolerance during the second trimester (Eckstein et al, 2021). In pregnant women, adverse outcomes because of the pathogenesis of GDM include insulin resistance (IR), hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and abnormal embryonic development (Zhang et al, 2021).…”