“…As children become adults, they should offer material supports (e.g., through co-residence, finances, and help with activities of daily living) and nonmaterial supports (e.g., respect, emotional caring, and companionship) for their aging parents. These responsibilities traditionally fall most heavily on the eldest son and his wife, with the daughter-in-law often being the primary caretaker, due to common traditional social patterns of patrilineality, patrilocal co-residence, and gender role divisions with men having more outof-home duties and women having more in-the-home duties (Chan, 2006;Hsueh, Hu, & Clarke-Ekong, 2008;Lee & Kwok, 2005;Ng, Phillips, & Lee, 2002). In a larger sense, filial piety is a way of life ( , xiao dao) characterized by devotion to parents and respect for elders generally (Ng et al, 2002).…”