Differences in Clinical Manifestations amongCryptosporidiumSpecies and Subtypes in HIV‐Infected Persons

Abstract

We performed a cross-sectional study to determine the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons at 3 diagnostic levels: microscopy, genotypes of Cryptosporidium, and subtype families of C. hominis and C. parvum. The study enrolled 2,490 HIV-infected persons in Lima, Peru, and 230 were microscopy positive for Cryptosporidium infection. Specimens from 193 participants were available for genotyping. They had C. hominis (141 persons), C. parvum (22 persons), C. meleagridis (17 persons), C. canis (6 persons), C. felis (6 persons), and C. suis (1 person) infection. Although microscopy results showed that Cryptosporidium infections were associated with diarrhea, only infections with C. canis, C. felis, and subtype family Id of C. hominis were associated with diarrhea, and infection with C. parvum was associated with chronic diarrhea and vomiting. These results demonstrate that different Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtype families are linked to different clinical manifestations.

Cryptosporidiosis in Humans with Reference to the First Case of Cryptosporidium hominis Infection in Turkey

“…Additionally, C. hominis infections have been reported to be seen in children, while C. parvum affects adults (12,31,32). It has also been presented that clinical and pathological characteristics can vary depending on the subtypes of the agent, and some C. hominis subtypes, such as subtype Ib identified by GP60 sequence, may cause severe diarrhea accompanied by vomiting and malaise (3,27). These clinical diversities were encountered in the patients in the present study.…”

“…The prevalence of the species reported here is similar to that in the UK (9). In the USA, C. hominis is responsible for the majority of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks, and zoonotic species have been reported from sporadic cases (26,27). In Turkey, C. parvum and C. meleagridis (28) have been reported from humans.…”

“…However, it is noteworthy that this species was encountered in a person in England, who returned from a travel to Turkey (29). Although cryptosporidiosis is generally characterized by homogeneous, yellowish and aqueous diarrhea (1), different species or genotypes may lead to different clinical manifestations and prognoses in the same host type (3,27). Clinical table of the disease may vary from subclinical form to life-threatening diarrhea, depending on factors such as age and immune status of the patient (30).…”

Sporadic Cryptosporidium infection in Nigerian children: risk factors with species identification

“…and subtypes even though a wide range of behavioural and social variables were analysed [25,37,38]. In the third study, based in Peru, only one risk factor was identified.…”

“…In the third study, based in Peru, only one risk factor was identified. HIV-infected individuals who had been in contact with children aged <5 years were more likely to be infected with C. hominis subtype family Ie [38].…”