Differences in Bone Density, Body Composition, Physical Activity, and Diet Between Child Gymnasts and Untrained Children 7-8 Years of Age

Zanker, Cathy; Gannon, Lisa; Cooke, Carlton; Gee, K. L.; Oldroyd, B.; Truscott, J G

doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.6.1043

Cited by 63 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The extent at which adiposity affects thermoregulatory responses during exercise in the heat is still unclear. In our study, despite the similar body mass between groups, body fat was ~34.5% lower in AG athletes (13.3 vs. 22% in AG athletes and non-athletes, respectively), which is a characteristic in this sport modality 26 . In our study, differences in % body fat did not affect thermoregulation effectiveness of prepubescent girls; however both groups were lean.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

Thermoregulation of competitive artistic gymnastic athletes and non-athlete girls exercising in the heat

Leites

Sehl

Cunha

et al. 2016

Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum.

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-It's unclear whether the combination of intense, chronic training and heat exposure during prepubescence improves thermoregulatory responses to exercise in artistic gymnastics athletes. The objective of this study was to compare thermoregulatory and perceptual responses between artistic gymnastics athletes and non-athlete girls while exercising both in heat and thermoneutral conditions. Seven athletes (8.7 ± 1.3 yrs) and 7 nonathletes (9.4 ± 1.5 yrs) cycled for 30 min at load (W) of ~55% VO2peak, on two separate occasions in a randomized order: heat (35˚C, 40% relative humidity) and thermoneutral conditions (24˚C, 50% relative humidity). Rectal temperature, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, thermal comfort and irritability were measured throughout the exercise. Initial rectal temperature was similar between athletes and non-athletes in both heat (37.2 ± 0.4 vs. 37.4 ± 0.2˚C, respectively) and thermoneutral conditions (37.3 ± 0.2 vs. 37.3 ± 0.3˚C). Final rectal temperature was similar between groups (38.0 ± 0.2 vs. 38.2 ± 0.2˚C in heat and 37.8 ± 0.2 vs. 37.9 ± 0.2˚C in thermoneutral conditions). Initial heart rate was lower in athletes in the heat (76 ± 7 vs. 91 ± 11 bpm, P = 0.01); however, throughout cycling, it became similar between groups. Athletes reported similar perceptual responses compared to non-athletes, with the exception of higher thermal comfort in the 10th minute of exercise in thermoneutral conditions (P = 0.003). It was concluded that athletes were similar to non-athletes with respect to thermoregulatory and perceptual responses during 30 min of cycling at similar relative intensities.Key words: Children; Exercise; Heat; Thermoregulation. (8,7 ± 1,3 anos) e 7 não-atletas (9,4 ± 1,5 anos) CC (37,2 ± 0,4 vs. 37,4 ± 0.2˚C, respectivamente) e CT (37,3 ± 0,2 vs. 37,3 ± 0.3˚C). Tre final foi similar entre os grupos (38,0 ± 0,2 vs. 38,2 ± 0.2˚C na CC; e 37,8 ± 0,2 vs. 37,9 ± 0.2˚C na CT). FC inicial foi menor nas atletas na CC (76 ± 7 vs. 91 ± 11 bpm, P = 0,01 Resumo -Não está claro se a combinação de treinamento crônico intenso e a exposição ao calor durante a pré-adolescência melhoram as respostas termorregulatórias ao exercício em atletas de ginástica artística (GA). Objetivou-se comparar as respostas termorregulatórias e perceptivas entre atletas de GA e não-atletas durante uma sessão de exercício nas condições de calor (CC) e termoneutra (CT). Sete atletas

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 53%

Thermoregulation of competitive artistic gymnastic athletes and non-athlete girls exercising in the heat

Leites

Sehl

Cunha

et al. 2016

Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum.

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“…Studies of healthy children indicate that the growing skeleton is sensitive to, and benefits from, exercise (35)(36)(37). Weight-bearing physical activity was a predictor of the increase in total body BMC both in the healthy children and in the patients, although the patients engaged in weight-bearing activities less frequently than the controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

A two‐year prospective controlled study of bone mass and bone turnover in children with early juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Lien¹,

Selvaag²,

Flatø³

et al. 2005

Arthritis & Rheumatism

103

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Objective. To explore early changes and predictors of bone mass in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in order to identify patients who will develop bone mass reductions.Methods. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 108 children with early JIA (ages 6-18 years; mean disease duration 19.3 months) who were individually matched with 108 healthy children for age, sex, race, and county of residence. Bone mass and changes in total body, spine, femur, and forearm bone mineral density and bone mineral content (BMC), body composition, growth, and biochemical parameters of bone turnover were examined at baseline and at followup a mean of 24 months later. Low bone mass was defined as a Z score >1 SD below the reference population.Results. Of the 200 children evaluated at followup, the 100 healthy children had greater gains in total body BMC (P ‫؍‬ 0.035), distal radius BMC (P < 0.001), and total body lean mass (P < 0.001) than did the 100 JIA patients. Low or very low total body BMC was observed in 24% of the patients and 12% of the healthy children. Bone formation, bone resorption, and weight-bearing activities were reduced in the patients compared with the healthy children. Multiple regression analysis showed that in patients with JIA, serum bonespecific alkaline phosphatase, serum C-telopeptide of type I collagen, and weight-bearing activities were independent predictors of changes in total body BMC. Total body BMC was lower in patients with polyarticular onset than in those with oligoarticular disease onset.Conclusion. Patients with JIA have moderate reductions in bone mass gains, bone turnover, and total body lean mass early in the disease course.

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“…Competitive adolescent female gymnasts have greater areal bone mineral density (aBMD, g/cm 2 ) and bone mineral content (BMC, g) when compared with other athletic and nonathletic populations. (9,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22) Retired artistic female gymnasts also have significantly higher aBMD values when compared with nongymnasts, with differences ranging from 5% to 22%. (9,11,12,23) These effects suggest that potential bone gains from participation in high-impact sport in childhood and adolescence persist into adulthood after removal of the stimulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher premenarcheal bone mass in elite gymnasts is maintained into young adulthood after long-term retirement from sport: A 14-year follow-up

Erlandson

Kontulainen

Chilibeck

et al. 2011

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Sports that impact-load the skeleton during childhood and adolescence increase determinants of bone strength such as bone mineral content and density; however, it is unclear if this benefit is maintained after retirement from the sport. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the previously reported higher bone mass in a group of premenarcheal gymnasts was still apparent 10 years after the cessation of participation and withdrawal of the gymnastics loading stimulus. In 1995, 30 gymnasts 8 to 15 years of age were measured and compared with 30 age-matched nongymnasts. Twenty-five former gymnasts and 22 nongymnasts were measured again 14 years later (2009 to 2010). Gymnasts had been retired from gymnastics training and competition for an average of 10 years. Total body (TB), lumbar spine (LS), and femoral neck (FN) bone mineral content (BMC) was assessed at both measurement occasions by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to compare former gymnasts' and nongymnasts' BMC while controlling for differences in body size and maturation (covariates: age, height, weight, and years from menarche [1995] or age at menarche [2009 to 2010]). Premenarcheal gymnasts (measured in 1995) had significantly greater size-adjusted TB, LS, and FN BMC ( p < 0.05) (15%, 17%, and 12%, respectively) than nongymnasts. Ten years after retirement, gymnasts had maintained similar size-adjusted TB, LS, and FN BMC differences ( p < 0.05) (13%, 19%, and 13%, respectively) when compared with nongymnasts. Bone mass benefits in premenarcheal gymnasts were still apparent even after long-term (10 years) removal of the gymnastics loading stimulus. ß

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Differences in Bone Density, Body Composition, Physical Activity, and Diet Between Child Gymnasts and Untrained Children 7-8 Years of Age

Cited by 63 publications

References 30 publications

Thermoregulation of competitive artistic gymnastic athletes and non-athlete girls exercising in the heat

Thermoregulation of competitive artistic gymnastic athletes and non-athlete girls exercising in the heat

A two‐year prospective controlled study of bone mass and bone turnover in children with early juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Higher premenarcheal bone mass in elite gymnasts is maintained into young adulthood after long-term retirement from sport: A 14-year follow-up

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