Differences in body temperature between black-and-white and red-and-white Holstein cows reared on a hot climate using infrared thermography

Isola, José Victor Vieira; Menegazzi, G.; Busanello, Marcos; Santos, Suane Bastos dos; Agner, Hilda Solange Souza; Sarubbi, Juliana

doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102775

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This effect can also be seen in black and white cows that present greater absorption of solar radiation, though to a lesser degree than buffaloes during hot periods. However, in addition to color, coat thickness (and its transmittance), is another factor that can condition the amount of energy that is transferred along the fur and reaches the epidermis [6,7,9,103] (Figure 9). As a result, buffaloes must dissipate heat by lying in swampy areas or mud for long periods [21,99,108], especially during the hot season.…”

Section: Environmental Influence On the Physiological Responses Of Thermoregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Applications and Factors Involved in Validating Thermal Windows Used in Infrared Thermography in Cattle and River Buffalo to Assess Health and Productivity

Mota-Rojas

Pereira

Wang

et al. 2021

Animals

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Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-ionizing, non-invasive technique that permits evaluating the comfort levels of animals, a topic of concern due to the growing interest in determining the state of health and welfare of production animals. The operating principle of IRT is detecting the heat irradiated in anatomical regions characterized by a high density of near-surface blood vessels that can regulate temperature gain or loss from/to the environment by modifying blood flow. This is essential for understanding the various vascular thermoregulation mechanisms of different species, such as rodents and ruminants’ tails. The usefulness of ocular, nasal, and vulvar thermal windows in the orbital (regio orbitalis), nasal (regio nasalis), and urogenital (regio urogenitalis) regions, respectively, has been demonstrated in cattle. However, recent evidence for the river buffalo has detected discrepancies in the data gathered from distinct thermal regions in these large ruminants, suggesting a limited sensitivity and specificity when used with this species due to various factors: the presence of hair, ambient temperature, and anatomical features, such as skin thickness and variations in blood supplies to different regions. In this review, a literature search was conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, using keyword combinations that included “infrared thermography”, “water buffalo”, “river buffalo” “thermoregulation”, “microvascular changes”, “lacrimal caruncle”, “udder”, “mastitis”, and “nostril”. We discuss recent findings on four thermal windows—the orbital and nasal regions, mammary gland in the udder region (regio uberis), and vulvar in the urogenital region (regio urogenitalis)—to elucidate the factors that modulate and intervene in validating thermal windows and interpreting the information they provide, as it relates to the clinical usefulness of IRT for cattle (Bos) and the river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

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Section: Environmental Influence On the Physiological Responses Of Thermoregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Applications and Factors Involved in Validating Thermal Windows Used in Infrared Thermography in Cattle and River Buffalo to Assess Health and Productivity

Mota-Rojas

Pereira

Wang

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…The eye was outlined using an ellipse. The shapes that were used also agreed with the previous literature on ST assessments using infrared imaging in cattle [26][27][28][29]. The software automatically computed the STmax and STave of the region.…”

Section: Environmental and Animal Measuresmentioning

confidence: 62%

Critical Temperature-Humidity Index Thresholds Based on Surface Temperature for Lactating Dairy Cows in a Temperate Climate

Yan

Shi

2021

Agriculture

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Detecting the early signs of heat stress is highly important in dairy farming. The surface temperature (ST) of cattle can reflect their thermal status and using such a measuring method can be efficient and non-invasive. However, few studies have reported the temperature-humidity index (THI) thresholds for ST. This study aimed to identify the critical THI thresholds for the ST of dairy cows and to evaluate the effects of the lactation stage and the lactation number. The study included 233 Holstein lactating cows from July 2020 to October 2020 in a temperate climate in China. There were 1556 records of the rectal temperature, and the maximum ST (STmax) and average ST (STave) of the head, eye, cheek, ear, neck, trunk, udder, foreleg, and hindleg were recorded. Air temperature and relative humidity were recorded to calculate the average THI. Physiological data were collected twice daily (08:00–12:00, 14:00–16:00). The critical THI thresholds were determined using the breakpoints of piecewise linear models. The significance of breakpoints was tested using the Davies test. A one-way ANOVA was used to test the effect of the lactation stage (0–60 DIM, 61–200 DIM, 201–300 DIM, DIM is days in milk) and the lactation number (1, 2, 3+) on the THI thresholds. The results showed that the rectal temperature was significantly positively correlated with all the ST variables (0.57 ≤ r ≤ 0.71, p < 0.01). The critical THI thresholds for STmax (mean of 76.1 THI, range of 73.6 to 77.9 THI) were significantly higher than those for STave (mean of 72.6 THI, range of 69.1 to 77.2 THI) (p < 0.01). The lactation stage only significantly affected the thresholds for STmax (p < 0.05), and the lactation number did not significantly influence the thresholds for both STmax and STave (p > 0.05). This study concluded that the STave was more appropriate to define thresholds than the STmax. The threshold for the STave of the cheek (69.1 THI) was the lowest among the thresholds, indicating that the STave of the cheek could be a prior ST variable to determine critical THI thresholds. Our findings demonstrated the potential of using ST variables to define critical THI thresholds.

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“…Infrared thermography (IRT) can detect infrared radiation emitted from an object, which is a measure of its surface temperature (ST) and can present it as a heat map (Travain et al 2015;Radigonda et al 2017;Harrap et al 2018;Menegassi et al 2018;Qu et al 2020;Isola et al 2020;Schmitt and O′Driscoll 2021;Zheng et al 2022). However, an individual's average body temperature may vary slightly when IRT is used to measure temperature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Usefulness of Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Mastitis Based on Teat Skin Surface Temperatures in Dairy Cows

2022

Int J Vet Sci

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Given the severe economic losses due to mastitis, the identification of a diagnostic tool that can rapidly screen cows suspected of mastitis immediately before milking would be especially advantageous for farmers owning a large number of dairy cows. It is important to detect mastitis at an early stage to ensure effective and successful prevention and management of intramammary infections. Therefore, this study evaluated utility of Infrared Thermography (IRT) as a diagnostic tool for mastitis based on the heat patterns of thermal images. We found that 49 (1–4 teats in 16 cows) of the 252 teats were suspected of mastitis and 203 teats appeared normal. Our results showed that cows suspected of mastitis presented teat skin surface temperature (TSST) values that were 5.05°C higher, on average, then those of healthy cows. Moreover, TSST values were well correlated with both high somatic cell count values (r=0.99; P<0.001) and California mastitis test scores (r=0.59; P<0.001), indicating that TSST temperature monitoring using IRT could represent an easy and reliable method for screening for mastitis in dairy cows breeding farms.

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Differences in body temperature between black-and-white and red-and-white Holstein cows reared on a hot climate using infrared thermography

Cited by 23 publications

References 18 publications

Clinical Applications and Factors Involved in Validating Thermal Windows Used in Infrared Thermography in Cattle and River Buffalo to Assess Health and Productivity

Clinical Applications and Factors Involved in Validating Thermal Windows Used in Infrared Thermography in Cattle and River Buffalo to Assess Health and Productivity

Critical Temperature-Humidity Index Thresholds Based on Surface Temperature for Lactating Dairy Cows in a Temperate Climate

Evaluation of Usefulness of Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Mastitis Based on Teat Skin Surface Temperatures in Dairy Cows

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