Differences in airborne particle and gaseous concentrations in urban air between weekdays and weekends

Morawska, Lidia; Jayaratne, E.R.; Mengersen, Kerrie; Jamriska, Milan; Thomas, Stephen B.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00337-0

Cited by 145 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Such daily variation has also been observed in ambient monitoring data. 27,28 Such a difference may be related to increased traffic volume during weekdays. In this study, the PM and BC levels were most affected by time of the day: morning levels were higher.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Vehicle Exposures to Particulate Matter and Black Carbon

Lee

Sohn

Putti

2010

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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In-vehicle exposures to particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) can be a significant part of personal total exposure. The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of the in-vehicle pollutant level. This study measured in-vehicle exposure to PM number concentrations using an aerosol spectrometer and BC concentration by an aethalometer. The measurement was repeated 3 times a day for 13 consecutive days in May 2007 while a vehicle was driven on a 1-hr predetermined route in Lexington, KY. The vehicle's windows were closed, its fan was operated at the lowest setting, and air conditioning and heating were off. The average speed of all runs was 37 Ϯ 5.8 km/hr. Arithmetic mean PM 1 (particle sizes Յ1 m in aerodynamic diameter) number and BC concentrations were 286 #/cm 3 (morning, 302 #/cm 3 ; afternoon, 270 #/cm 3 ; evening, 287 #/cm 3 ) and 1.9 g/m 3 (morning, 2.5 g/m 3 ; afternoon, 1.6 g/m 3 ; evening, 1.5 g/m 3 ), respectively. Average PM and BC concentrations increased during weekdays and decreased during weekends, and PM 1 number and BC concentrations were highest in the morning. Particle size distribution for PM 1 did not differ with time of day, but the concentration of PM 1-10 (particle sizes between 1 and 10 m in aerodynamic diameter) was higher in the evening and lower in the morning. Peak PM 1 number concentrations were observed when the test vehicle approached busy crossroads. In-vehicle PM and BC concentrations were associated with time of the day and location, whereas the in-vehicle 1-hr PM number concentrations were closely associated with distant ambient PM 2.5 (particle sizes Յ2.5 m in aerodynamic diameter) concentrations measured at a stationary monitoring site. The findings suggested that in-vehicle exposure is associated with surrounding traffic. INTRODUCTIONA relationship between exposure to fine particles and adverse health effects, including cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, has been suggested by several epidemiologic studies. 1 In some studies, particulate matter (PM) less than or equal to 2.5 m in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) has been associated with increased hospital admissions, emergency room visits for heart and lung disease, increased respiratory symptoms and disease, and decreased lung function. [2][3][4][5] In-vehicle exposure can be a significant part of personal total exposure to ambient particulates. 6,7 Automobile exhaust is a major source of ambient PM and black carbon (BC), and in-vehicle exposure to PM can be higher than ambient concentration. 8 PM 10 concentrations inside buses and trams have exceeded the ambient level by 3-5 times in Munich, Germany. 8 Such higher concentrations may be due to a vehicle's proximity to relatively undiluted emissions from other vehicles and the typically high air-exchange rate inside vehicles. 9 Although a person may spend relatively short time in a transportation environment, high exposures during short transportation periods may be more important for health effects than 24 hr exposures. 10,11 During school bus comm...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Vehicle Exposures to Particulate Matter and Black Carbon

Lee

Sohn

Putti

2010

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…In spite of its importance, only some studies have concentrated on the seasonal variation of particulate mass (PM x ) or number of aerosol particles using long-term measurements spanning over several months or even a few years (Havasi and Zlativ, 2002;Hussein et al, 2002;Kimmel et al, 2002;Morawska et al, 2002;Yang, 2002;. Long-term studies provide sufficient information on the aerosol characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban aerosol number size distributions

et al. 2004

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Abstract. Aerosol number size distributions have been measured since 5 May 1997 in Helsinki, Finland. The presented aerosol data represents size distributions within the particle diameter size range 8-400 nm during the period from May 1997 to March 2003. The daily, monthly and annual patterns of the aerosol particle number concentrations were investigated. The temporal variation of the particle number concentration showed close correlations with traffic activities. The highest total number concentrations were observed during workdays; especially on Fridays, and the lowest concentrations occurred during weekends; especially Sundays. Seasonally, the highest total number concentrations were observed during winter and spring and lower concentrations were observed during June and July. More than 80% of the number size distributions had three modes: nucleation mode (D p <30 nm), Aitken mode (20-100 nm) and accumulation mode (D p >90 nm). Less than 20% of the number size distributions had either two modes or consisted of more than three modes. Two different measurement sites were used; in the first (Siltavuori, 5.5.1997(Siltavuori, 5.5. -5.3.2001, the arithmetic means of the particle number concentrations were 7000 cm −3 , 6500 cm −3 , and 1000 cm −3 respectively for nucleation, Aitken, and accumulation modes. In the second site (Kumpula, 6.3.2001(Kumpula, 6.3. -28.2.2003) they were 5500 cm −3 , 4000 cm −3 , and 1000 cm −3 . The total number concentration in nucleation and Aitken modes were usually significantly higher during workdays than during weekends. The temporal variations in the accumulation mode were less pronounced. The lower concentrations at Kumpula were mainly due to building construction and also the slight overall decreasing trend during these years. During the site changing a period of simultaneous measurements over two weeks were performed showing nice correlation at both sites.

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“…Some recent continental sampling campaigns that measured size distributions include the Atlanta PM Supersite program (Woo et al, 2001), and sampling campaigns in Los Angeles (Kim et al, 2002), Northern Europe (Ruuskanen et al, 2001), Tennessee (Cheng and Tanner, 2002), Brisbane, Australia (Morawska et al, 2002), England (Harrison et al, 1999), Estonia and Finland (Kikas et al, 1996) and Central Europe (Birmili et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these studies reported 24-h average number concentrations (10-500 nm) at continental sites ranging from around 5000-25 000 cm À3 (Ruuskanen et al, 2001;Kim et al, 2002;Woo et al, 2001;Morawska et al, 2002). Sites that have monitored 3-10 nm particles find comparable numbers of particles in that size range relative to the 10-500 nm size range (Woo et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient aerosol size distributions and number concentrations measured during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS)

Stanier¹

2004

Atmospheric Environment

104

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Twelve months of aerosol size distributions from 3 to 560 nm, measured using scanning mobility particle sizers are presented with an emphasis on average number, surface, and volume distributions, and seasonal and diurnal variation. The measurements were made at the main sampling site of the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study from July 2001 to June 2002. These are supplemented with 5 months of size distribution data from 0.5 to 2.5 mm measured with a TSI aerosol particle sizer and 2 months of size distributions measured at an upwind rural sampling site. Measurements at the main site were made continuously under both low and ambient relative humidity. The average Pittsburgh number concentration (3-500 nm) is 22,000 cm À3 with an average mode size of 40 nm. Strong diurnal patterns in number concentrations are evident as a direct effect of the sources of particles (atmospheric nucleation, traffic, and other combustion sources). New particle formation from homogeneous nucleation is significant on 30-50% of study days and over a wide area (at least a hundred kilometers). Rural number concentrations are a factor of 2-3 lower (on average) than the urban values. Average measured distributions are different from model literature urban and rural size distributions. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Differences in airborne particle and gaseous concentrations in urban air between weekdays and weekends

Cited by 145 publications

References 15 publications

In-Vehicle Exposures to Particulate Matter and Black Carbon

In-Vehicle Exposures to Particulate Matter and Black Carbon

Urban aerosol number size distributions

Ambient aerosol size distributions and number concentrations measured during the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS)

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