Differences in 3D kinematics between volleyball and beach volleyball spike movements

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify differences between volleyball and beach volleyball spike jump movements performed on an indoor surface and sand surface respectively. Eight elite male volleyball players performed spike jump movements on both surfaces. An eight-camera motion capturing system (250Hz) was used to generate 3D kinematic data. Seven groups of variables representing the kinematics of the centre of mass, the countermovement, the approach phase, and the angular amplitudes and maximal velocities of the lower and upper limbs were examined using Hotelling's T2(2). Significant differences were observed in the movement of the centre of mass (P < 0.05), the countermovement, the kinematics of the approach phase, and the angular amplitudes of the lower limbs. However, no significant differences were observed either in the maximal angular velocities of the lower and upper limbs, or in the amplitudes of the upper limb motion. In conclusion, the participants showed significant adaptation to changed movement conditions. As a result of the compliance of the sand surface, the participants slowed down their movements, especially during the phase of transition from knee flexion to extension and during the extension phase. Furthermore, the participants demonstrated changes in foot position to reach the greatest height possible.

Comparison of Upper Arm Kinematics During a Volleyball Spike Between Players With and Without a History of Shoulder Injury

“…16 The spiking trials were performed using a standardized ball placement, which has been demonstrated to facilitate reliable trial execution without compromising perceived spiking technique. 17 For this purpose, a standard volleyball ball (Mikasa) was secured to height adjustable rope "levers" via Velcro. Each player's maximum jump height was then determined from the best of five jump height attempts, such that the ball height could be set to 65% of maximum jump height.…”

Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Strength and Jumping Performance in Volleyball and Beach Volleyball Players

“…Jumping height is significantly smaller on a sand surface than a rigid one due to compliance and instability of the sand, and this results in a reduction in maximum vertical forces, smaller maximum powers, vertical impulses and take-off velocity [12]. As a result of the compliance of the sand surface, during the spike jump the BVB players slow down their movements, especially during the phase of transition from knee flexion to extension and during the extension phase [13]. During the sprinting performance on a sand surface, successful sprinters are characterized by a greater angle of trajectory at start take-off than in non-elite sprinters.…”

Effects of Training Surface on Physiological Characteristics of Prepubescent Female Volleyball Players

“…The instability of a non-solid ground, like sand, can result in reductions in maximum produced force during squat jump compared to force produced during jumping on rigid surface [2]. The ankle-, kneeand hip joint kinematics are altered because of sand instability implying altered demands on the neuromuscular system [2,38]. Furthermore sprinting and jumping on sand surface seems to decrease significantly stride length, because of loss of energy during acceleration, leading in a larger number of surface contacts in order to cover the same distance [36][37][38].…”

“…The ankle-, kneeand hip joint kinematics are altered because of sand instability implying altered demands on the neuromuscular system [2,38]. Furthermore sprinting and jumping on sand surface seems to decrease significantly stride length, because of loss of energy during acceleration, leading in a larger number of surface contacts in order to cover the same distance [36][37][38]. Gaudino et al, (2013) [36] reported also that running on sand surface increases the energy cost by 30% compared with the values achieved during running on grass surface.…”