Differences between the east-west and west-east propagation of VLF signals over long distances

Crombie, D. D.

doi:10.1016/0021-9169(58)90081-3

Cited by 48 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Wait and Spies [] present a theoretical background for why the attenuation changes with azimuth. By measuring the signal strength from the same nearly antipodal transmitter along the short and long great circle path, Crombie [] found less attenuation for the eastward‐propagating signals. Similarly, Taylor [] showed that eastward‐propagating VLF waves have 1–3 dB/Mm less attenuation than westward‐propagating waves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azimuthal dependence of VLF propagation

et al. 2013

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[1] The World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) is used to measure the normalized lightning electric field at three network stations in order to examine the sferic attenuation between the stroke and the station. The electric field measurements are normalized to the radiated very low frequency (VLF) stroke energy to allow direct comparisons of the many stroke-station paths seen by WWLLN. Comparing past theoretical results and models show that WWLLN observes a stronger dependence of VLF propagation on magnetic azimuth compared to past work. The average attenuation over the water of eastward-propagating sferics is found to be 1.13˙0.35 dB/Mm during the day and 0.71˙0.68 dB/Mm at night, with westward-propagating sferics having average attenuation rates of 2.98˙0.68 dB/Mm and 2.66˙0.39 dB/Mm for day and night, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azimuthal dependence of VLF propagation

et al. 2013

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“…It has been shown in a number of experiments that the reciprocity principle is violated inside the waveguide over sufficiently long paths. If a wave propagates from east to west the field amplitude is smaller than when the wave propagates from west to east (Watt and Groghan, 1964;Taylor, 1960a;Hanselman et al, 1964;Taylor, 1960b;Martin, 1961;Crombie, 1958Crombie, , 1963. Pertinent data are given in Table 1 and Fig.…”

Section: I~o~----------------~~----------------------mentioning

confidence: 98%

ELF and VLF Signal Properties: Physical Characteristics

König

1974

ELF and VLF Electromagnetic Field Effects

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“…The main exception here is the work of Crouchley and Rahmani [ 1 ] on the N-S propagation of 40 kHz signal over a long distance (7100 kin) from Japan to Australia. Crombie in the year 1958 [2] reported the asymmetry in the east-west and west-east propagation near 20 kHz but without mentioning meteorological effect. During night the attenuation rate of signal received from the west was reported to be less than that of the signal received from the east and remarked that this asymmetry would decrease with increasing frequency having no asymmetry above about 20 kHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%