Differences between smokers, ex-smokers passive smokers and non-smokers

Thornton, Alison J.; P, Lee; Fry, John

doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)90101-5

Cited by 131 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Previous studies have pointed out that the diet of exsmokers becomes similar to that of never smokers as time elapses since smoking cessation (Cade & Margetts, 1991;Hebert & Kabat, 1990;Curtin et al, 1997;Bolton-Smith et al, 1991Strickland et al, 1992;Thornton et al, 1994;Morabia & Wynder, 1990;Midgette et al, 1993). We observed an improvement in the diet with longer duration of smoking cessation.…”

Section: Effects Of Smoking On Dietsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Values are slightly different than preferably``from those'' in Table 2 because the model does no include current smokers. Bolton-Smith et al, 1991Strickland et al, 1992;Thornton et al, 1994;Margetts & Jackson, 1993;Morabia & Wynder, 1990;Subar et al, 1990;Midgette et al, 1993). The diminution of total carbohydrates intake and of antioxidants such as betacarotene in heavy smokers has been observed in British smokers (Margetts & Jackson, 1993) whereas a diminution of saccharose consumption had been noted in Australian female smokers (Midgette et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current smokers in the United States and in Europe may eat less fruits, vegetables or ®bers and more saturated fat than never smokers (Thornton et al, 1994;Margetts & Jackson, 1993;Morabia & Wynder, 1990;Subar et al, 1990;Midgette et al, 1993). The reasons why smokers eat differently have not been completely elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been hypothesized that the effect of nicotine on smell and taste leads smokers to prefer meat and fatrich foods instead of fruits or vegetables (Redington, 1984;Grunberg, 1982;Perkins et al, 1990;Frye et al, 1990). Indeed, there is evidence that, after smoking cessation, diet changes and becomes more similar to that of never smokers (Cade and Margetts, 1991;Hebert & Kabat, 1990;Curtin et al, 1997;Bolton-Smith et al, 1991Strickland et al, 1992;Thornton et al, 1994;Morabia & Wynder, 1990;Midgette et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on dietary habits of a Swiss urban population

Morabia¹,

Curtin²,

Bernstein³

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objectives: To assess whether current smokers eat differently than never smokers and the relation of smoking cessation to dietary change. Design: Population-based survey from 1993 ± 1997. Setting: The Bus Sante Â 2000, epidemiologic observatory of Geneva, Switzerland. Subjects: A representative sample of 2301 men and 2306 women resident of Geneva, Switzerland. Results: In both genders, compared to never smokers, current heavy smokers ( ! 20 cigarettesad) consumed daily less total vegetables proteins (P`0.03), carbohydrates (P`0.0001), saccharose (P`0.01), ®bers (P`0.0001), beta-carotene (P`0.001), fruit (P`0.0001) and vegetables (P`0.04), but they drank more alcohol (P`0.0001) and more coffee (P`0.005). In addition, female current smokers ate less energy (P`0.4), complex carbohydrates (P`0.002), cereals (P`0.003), vegetables (P`0.0001) and less iron (P`0.02). The diet of ex-smokers tended to become more similar to that of never smokers. When longer duration of smoking cessation increased, the consumption of total carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates increased (P`0.01 and P`0.06), and alcohol decreased (P`0.07) in both genders. Conclusions: As in other Western countries, the diet of Swiss smokers appears less healthy than that of never smokers in both men and women, while smoking cessation has bene®cial aspect on the quality of the diet. Current smoking appears to have an even stronger effect on the diet of women than on the diet of men. Sponsorship: Swiss National Fund for Scienti®c Research (Grants No 32.31.326.91,

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Section: Effects Of Smoking On Dietsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on dietary habits of a Swiss urban population

Morabia¹,

Curtin²,

Bernstein³

1999

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…Typical foods eaten more by non-smokers are fruit and vegetables, whereas smokers eat more meat and fat spreads and drink more alcoholic beverages. With regard to diet, ex-smokers seem to be similar to those who have never smoked (Whichelow et al, 1988;Kato et al, 1989;Morabia & Wynder, 1990;Surbar & Harlan, 1993), or an intermediate group between them and current smokers (Hebert & Kabat, 1990;Cade & Margetts, 1991;BoltonSmith et al, 1993;Thornton et al, 1994). There seems to be a dose -response relationship with those who had never smoked having the most healthy dietary habits and heavy smokers having the poorest diets (Whichelow et al, 1991;Prättälla et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the association between smoking status and selected healthy foods depend on gender? A population-based study of 54 417 middle-aged Danes

et al. 2002

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Objective: Smoking serves different functions for men and women. Thus, we wanted to investigate the association between smoking behaviour and intakes of selected healthy foods in men and women with special focus on differences and similarities between the two genders. Design: In 1993 -1997, a random sample of 80 996 men and 79 729 women aged 50 -64 y was invited to participate in the study 'Diet, Cancer and Health'. In all, 27 179 men and 29 876 women attended a health examination and completed a 192-item food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The association between smoking status and low, median and high intakes of selected foods was examined among 25 821 men and 28 596 women. Setting: The greater Copenhagen and Aarhus area, Denmark. Results: For both men and women, smoking status group was associated with diet, such that increasing level of smoking status ranging from never smokers over ex-smokers to currently heavy smokers was associated with a lower intake of the healthy foods: fresh fruit, cooked vegetables, raw vegetables=salad, and olive oil. For wine, increasing level of smoking status category was associated with a higher fraction of abstainers and heavy drinkers. The difference between the extreme smoking status categories was larger than the difference between men and women within smoking status categories such that never smoking men in general had a higher intake of healthy foods than heavy smoking women. Correction for age, educational level, and body mass index (BMI) did not affect the results. Conclusion: In this middle-aged population, intake of healthy foods were associated with smoking behaviour with a doseresponse type of relationship. The overall pattern was similar for men and women.

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Diet and lung cancer 20+ years later: More questions than answers?

Koo¹

1997

Int. J. Cancer

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A critical review of epidemiological studies on diet and lung cancer over the last 20+ years has not provided overwhelming evidence that higher consumption of vegetables, fruit, low-fat/low-cholesterol foods or such micronutrients as carotenoids, selenium and vitamins A, C or E is associated with reduced lung cancer risk. Results from case-control studies have been more positive, with about one half showing fruit and vegetables or their associated micronutrients to be associated with reduced risk. However, most results from cohort and serum micronutrient studies, which avoid the problems of inaccurate accounting of diet and recall bias, were statistically insignificant. Moreover, although most studies were conducted on white male smokers in North America and Europe, the few studies which found significant contrary trends were among subjects of different backgrounds, i.e., black American males and Chinese women in China. Since male smokers vs. nonsmokers in Europe, North America and Japan have been shown in other studies to be lower consumers of fruit/vegetables, and less likely to pursue "perceived healthier lifestyles," the possibility that some of the epidemiological findings on diet and lung cancer are artifactually due to inadequate adjustment for behavioral correlates of smoking and health seekers in a particular society must be considered. This is especially true with recent chemoprevention trials showing higher lung cancer incidence and deaths among consumers of beta-carotene supplements vs. placebo.

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Differences between smokers, ex-smokers passive smokers and non-smokers

Cited by 131 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on dietary habits of a Swiss urban population

Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on dietary habits of a Swiss urban population

Does the association between smoking status and selected healthy foods depend on gender? A population-based study of 54 417 middle-aged Danes

Diet and lung cancer 20+ years later: More questions than answers?

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