Differences between smokers and nonsmokers with anxiety disorders

Morissette, Sandra B.; Brown, Timothy A.; Kamholz, Barbara W.; Gulliver, Suzy B.

doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.08.003

Cited by 57 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…1 Two other studies of treatment seeking samples examined the point prevalence rates of smoking via chart review, but are not reviewed as the number of subjects with PTSD in these studies was too low to draw strong conclusions (Baker-Morissette, Gulliver, Wiegel, & Barlow, 2004;Morissette, Brown, Kamholz, & Gulliver, 2006;Upadhyaya, Brady, Wharton, & Liao, 2003). …”

Section: Prevalence Of Smoking Among Persons With Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, while formal statistical comparisons were not conducted, current smoking rates observed among persons with PTSD in the NCS data were higher than those observed among persons with other types of mental illness that have been linked to smoking, including major depressive disorder and panic disorder (36.6% and 35.9%, respectively). Finally, persons with PTSD appear to be heavy smokers, with over 70% smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day and typically high levels of nicotine dependence.1 Two other studies of treatment seeking samples examined the point prevalence rates of smoking via chart review, but are not reviewed as the number of subjects with PTSD in these studies was too low to draw strong conclusions (Baker-Morissette, Gulliver, Wiegel, & Barlow, 2004;Morissette, Brown, Kamholz, & Gulliver, 2006;Upadhyaya, Brady, Wharton, & Liao, 2003). …”

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confidence: 99%

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Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Feldner¹,

Babson²,

Zvolensky³

2007

Clinical Psychology Review

232

184

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The current review critically examines the extant empirical literature focused on the associations among cigarette smoking, trauma, and posttraumatic stress. Inspection of the extant literature suggests smoking rates are significantly higher among persons exposed to a traumatic event relative to those without such exposure. Moreover, smoking rates appear particularly high among persons with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In terms of the direction of this relation, evidence most clearly suggests posttraumatic stress is involved in the development of smoking. Significantly less is known about the role of trauma and PTSD in terms of cessation outcome. Limitations of extant work, clinical implications, and key directions for future study are delineated. Keywordssmoking; posttraumatic stress; comorbidity; trauma; PTSD Cigarette smoking continues to be one of the leading preventable causes of death and disease in the U.S., resulting in healthcare costs that rank among the highest in the country [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS), 2004]. Large-scale efforts targeting smoking cessation have helped address this problem (USDHHS, 2000), but the negative impact of smoking is still widely evident. For example, more than 1 in 5 (22%) adults [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2004] and almost 1 in 4 (24%) youth (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2004) in the U.S. currently smoke. Moreover, though smokers often are motivated to quit, the majority (approximately 90-95% of self-quitters and 60-80% of those in treatment programs) relapse (Cohen et al., 1989). Scholars have suggested smokers who fail at quitting may have unique attributes that increase their probability of smoking (Hughes, 1993;Pomerleau, 1997). Although various characteristics may increase the risk of relapse (e.g., heavier smoking levels), psychological disorders and related vulnerability factors have increasingly been recognized as playing a prominent role in quit success (Hughes, 1993;Zvolensky & Bernstein, 2005; Zvolensky, Bernstein, Marshall, & Feldner, in press).Smokers with anxiety disorders represent a common, albeit understudied, segment of the smoking population who are at heightened risk for relapse . For example, Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dr. Matthew T. Feldner, Intervention Sciences Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Department of Psychology, 216 Memorial Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, 479-575-4256 (phone), 479-575-3219 (facsimile). Electronic mail may be sent to mfeldne@uark.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the jo...

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Section: Prevalence Of Smoking Among Persons With Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Feldner¹,

Babson²,

Zvolensky³

2007

Clinical Psychology Review

232

184

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…No estudo de Zvolensky et al 21 também não houve diferenças em relação à agorafobia, mas os escores de depressão e a prevalência de transtorno depressivo foram similares entre os dois grupos. Há relatos de alta incidência de tabagismo em pacientes com TP [1][2][3]26 , em pacientes com depressão 1,[26][27][28][29][30][31] e em pacientes com comorbidades 26 , porém a associação de TP com depressão e tabagismo é um novo achado. Acredita-se que a nicotina provoca redução dos afetos negativos, redução do estresse e aumento dos afetos positivos, e isso se dá pela ativação do nucleus accumbens e outros núcleos dopaminérgicos centrais envolvidos no sistema de recompensa 31 .…”

Section: Discussão E Conclusãounclassified

“…Essa associação foi mais estudada em relação aos transtornos de ansiedade e, entre eles, os ataques de pânico (AP) e o TP parecem estar mais intimamente ligados ao hábito de fumar 2,3 . Estudos epidemiológicos indicam que a prevalência de tabagismo entre pacientes com TP é maior que a da população em geral 4,5 e que, na maior parte dos casos, o tabagismo precede o surgimento do TP, sugerindo que o uso de tabaco poderia ser um fator de risco para AP e TP [4][5][6][7][8][9] .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

O tabagismo e o transtorno do pânico: gravidade e comorbidades

Freire

Mezassalma

Valença

et al. 2007

Rev. psiquiatr. Rio Gd. Sul

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INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos indicam que há uma associação entre tabagismo e transtorno do pânico, e alguns autores sugerem que o tabagismo aumenta o risco de ataques de pânico e transtorno do pânico. Este estudo analisa a hipótese de que pacientes fumantes com esse transtorno apresentam um quadro clínico mais grave. MÉTODO: Sessenta e quatro pacientes em tratamento no Laboratório do Pânico e Respiração (Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), com transtorno do pânico, segundo critérios do Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatística das Perturbações Mentais (DSM, 4ª edição), foram divididos em grupos de tabagistas e não-tabagistas. Os grupos foram avaliados quanto a características sociodemográficas, comorbidades e gravidade do quadro clínico. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa em relação à gravidade do transtorno do pânico; no entanto, tabagistas tiveram prevalência de depressão significativamente maior (p = 0,014) do que não-tabagistas. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo não evidenciou que o transtorno do pânico em tabagistas é mais grave, porém indicou que esses pacientes têm mais comorbidade com depressão.

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“…Other studies indicate that smoking rates are higher in people having anxiety disorders compared to people who have no symptoms of depression and anxiety [11,12]. Anyway, the literature tells that smokers feel more anxious than nonsmokers [12,13]. On the other hand, the antidepressant properties of nicotine to reduce symptoms of depression [14,15] are a factor in maintaining smoking, because the smoker in need of nicotine feels depressed when he does not smoke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between the degree of dependence to nicotine, and the anxio-depressive levels, according to Fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence and HADS test

Chettoum¹,

Frih²,

Djenidi³

et al. 2012

OJPsych

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The main objective of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between smoking and depression/ anxiety, and specially the direction of this relationship, in order to analyze the link between the degree of dependence to nicotine, and the anxio-depressive levels, according to HADS test and the Fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence. Our study included 647 smokers and 400 non-smoking male. To facilitate this study, we distributed questionnaires to several private GP surgeries, to be completed by patients. In this study, we found that there is a close relationship between the level of nicotine addiction, anxiety levels and the emergence of depressive disorders. A highly depressive state implies a very strong addiction to tobacco; a high percentage of subjects showed little or no tobacco dependence. When anxiety appears (even when non-significant) dependence increases from medium to high, and very high, whereas in the absence of depression, 80% to 90% of patients show no tobacco addiction. The addiction to tobacco increases at the beginning of depression and reach her maximum in depressed patients. Thus, the anxiolytic effect of nicotine becomes an anxiogenic effect in anxious subjects, when subjects move from non-dependence to medium and very strong addiction.

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Differences between smokers and nonsmokers with anxiety disorders

Cited by 57 publications

References 47 publications

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and post-traumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature☆

O tabagismo e o transtorno do pânico: gravidade e comorbidades

Relationship between the degree of dependence to nicotine, and the anxio-depressive levels, according to Fagerstrom test of nicotine dependence and HADS test

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