Differences Between Children and Adults: Implications for Risk Assessment at California EPA

Miller, Mark D.; Marty, Melanie A.; Arcus, Amy; Brown, Joseph P.; Morry, David W.; Sandy, Martha S.

doi:10.1080/10915810290096630

Cited by 116 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Because the lower exposures evaluated in the present study have been ongoing, the effects of latency and age at exposure cannot be separated from our results, and a similar analysis cannot be done here. Regardless, these previous findings are consistent with the results presented here, which could indicate a particular susceptibility caused by exposure in early life (34).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Elevated Lung Cancer in Younger Adults and Low Concentrations of Arsenic in Water

Steinmaus¹,

Ferreccio²,

Yuan³

et al. 2014

American Journal of Epidemiology

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Arsenic concentrations greater than 100 µg/L in drinking water are a known cause of cancer, but the risks associated with lower concentrations are less well understood. The unusual geology and good information on past exposure found in northern Chile are key advantages for investigating the potential long-term effects of arsenic. We performed a case-control study of lung cancer from 2007 to 2010 in areas of northern Chile that had a wide range of arsenic concentrations in drinking water. Previously, we reported evidence of elevated cancer risks at arsenic concentrations greater than 100 µg/L. In the present study, we restricted analyses to the 92 cases and 288 populationbased controls who were exposed to concentrations less than 100 µg/L. After adjustment for age, sex, and smoking behavior, these exposures from 40 or more years ago resulted in odds ratios for lung cancer of 1.00, 1.43 (90% confidence interval: 0.82, 2.52), and 2.01 (90% confidence interval: 1.14, 3.52) for increasing tertiles of arsenic exposure, respectively (P for trend = 0.02). Mean arsenic water concentrations in these tertiles were 6.5, 23.0, and 58.6 µg/L. For subjects younger than 65 years of age, the corresponding odds ratios were 1.00, 1.62 (90% confidence interval: 0.67, 3.90), and 3.41 (90% confidence interval: 1.51, 7.70). Adjustments for occupation, fruit and vegetable intake, and socioeconomic status had little impact on the results. These findings provide new evidence that arsenic water concentrations less than 100 µg/L are associated with higher risks of lung cancer.arsenic; case-control; drinking water; low exposure; lung cancer; northern Chile Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.High concentrations of arsenic in drinking water (e.g., >100 µg/L) are known to cause cancer, but the risks associated with exposure to lower concentrations are unclear (1-3). One difficulty in studying low-level exposures is the prolonged latency of arsenic-caused cancer (2,(4)(5)(6). This long latency period means that exposure data must be available for a period of several decades or more in order to identify true overall risks. Another difficulty is that exposure in most arsenic-exposed areas comes from thousands of small private wells, for which historic records are frequently unavailable (7).Northern Chile is the driest habitable place on earth. There are few water sources, and almost everyone lives in a city and drinks water from municipal supplies. These supplies have had a wide range of arsenic concentrations, and historical records are available from 40 years ago or more (8). These factors mean that a person's lifetime exposure can be reliably estimated simply by knowing the cities in which the person lived.In 2007-2010, we performed a case-control study in northern Chile and identified high odds ratios for lung, bladder, and kidney cancers (6, 9). These results focused on cities in which arsenic concentrations in drinking water were greater than 800 µg/L. They also involved lifetime average and cumulative exposure metrics, in which short pe...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Elevated Lung Cancer in Younger Adults and Low Concentrations of Arsenic in Water

Steinmaus¹,

Ferreccio²,

Yuan³

et al. 2014

American Journal of Epidemiology

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“…Current understanding of biologic processes involved in carcinogenesis leads to a reasonable expectation that children are more susceptible to some carcinogenic agents than adults (Anderson et al 2000; Birnbaum and Fenton 2003; Ginsberg 2003; Miller et al 2002; Scheuplein et al 2002). Several aspects potentially lead to increased childhood susceptibility.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure to Carcinogens

Barton

Cogliano

Flowers

et al. 2005

Environ Health Perspect

106

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Cancer risk assessment methods currently assume that children and adults are equally susceptible to exposure to chemicals. We reviewed available scientific literature to determine whether this was scientifically supported. We identified more than 50 chemicals causing cancer after perinatal exposure. Human data are extremely limited, with radiation exposures showing increased early susceptibility at some tumor sites. Twenty-seven rodent studies for 18 chemicals had sufficient data after postnatal and adult exposures to quantitatively estimate potential increased susceptibility from early-life exposure, calculated as the ratio of juvenile to adult cancer potencies for three study types: acute dosing, repeated dosing, and lifetime dosing. Twelve of the chemicals act through a mutagenic mode of action. For these, the geometric mean ratio was 11 for lifetime exposures and 8.7 for repeat exposures, with a ratio of 10 for these studies combined. The geometric mean ratio for acute studies is 1.5, which was influenced by tissue-specific results [geometric mean ratios for kidney, leukemia, liver, lymph, mammary, nerve, reticular tissue, thymic lymphoma, and uterus/vagina > 1 (range, 1.6–8.1); forestomach, harderian gland, ovaries, and thyroid < 1 (range, 0.033–0.45)]. Chemicals causing cancer through other modes of action indicate some increased susceptibility from postnatal exposure (geometric mean ratio is 3.4 for lifetime exposure, 2.2 for repeat exposure). Early exposures to compounds with endocrine activity sometimes produce different tumors after exposures at different ages. These analyses suggest increased susceptibility to cancer from early-life exposure, particularly for chemicals acting through a mutagenic mode of action.

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“…Indoor cooking using pollutant fuels generate high amount of indoor smoke that contains various substances that have serious health effects. Specifically, exposure to IAP during early childhood impairs the lung function and aggravates the prevailing conditions such as asthma since this is a critical period for the development and maturation of the immune system and various biological systems (Islam et al 2007;Gauderman et al 2015); and hence, children's developing organs remains very sensitive to toxic pollutants because they have a higher rate of breathing, absorption, and retention of toxic substances from the air than adults (Davis & Saldiva 1999;Miller et al 2002;Perlroth & Castelo Branco 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cooking fuel and risk of under-five mortality in 23 Sub-Saharan African countries: a population-based study

Owili¹,

Muga

Pan³

et al. 2017

International Journal of Environmental Health Research

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Relationship between cooking fuel and under-five mortality has not been adequately established in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We therefore investigated the association between cooking fuel and risk of under-five mortality in SSA, and further investigated its interaction with smoking. Using the most recent Demographic Health Survey data of 23 SSA countries (n = 783,691), Cox proportional hazard was employed to determine the association between cooking fuel and risk of under-five deaths. The adjusted hazard ratios were 1.21 (95 % CI, 1.10-1.34) and 1.20 (95 % CI, 1.08-1.32) for charcoal and biomass cooking fuel, respectively, compared to clean fuels. There was no positive interaction between biomass cooking fuel and smoking. Use of charcoal and biomass were associated with the risk of under-five mortality in SSA. Disseminating public health information on health risks of cooking fuel and development of relevant public health policies are likely to have a positive impact on a child's survival. Evidence before this studyGlobally, over 4 million deaths occur yearly due to indoor air pollution resulting from cooking fuel. Studies indicate that the under-five children are the most vulnerable group to pollutant cooking fuels with negative health outcome. Moreover, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is the most affected region because 4 out of 5 of its population use solid biomass for cooking, and this may not decrease any time soon in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) era where reduction of deaths as result of hazardous chemicals in the air, water, and soil is a key target. However, most studies have been country-specific and the effects of cooking fuel have majorly focused on ill-health, and not the fatal consequences. This study seeks to fill this gap in a much wider scale in SSA. Added value of this studyThis study explored the fatal effect cooking fuel using a large representative sample of SSA which increases the generalizability of our findings. It also provides evidence that would ensure development this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution-noncommercial-noDerivatives license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way.

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Differences Between Children and Adults: Implications for Risk Assessment at California EPA

Cited by 116 publications

References 108 publications

Elevated Lung Cancer in Younger Adults and Low Concentrations of Arsenic in Water

Elevated Lung Cancer in Younger Adults and Low Concentrations of Arsenic in Water

Assessing Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure to Carcinogens

Cooking fuel and risk of under-five mortality in 23 Sub-Saharan African countries: a population-based study

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